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A human pan-disease blood atlas of the circulating proteome
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science, Systems Biology. KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2669-7796
KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science, Biomedical proteomics.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2910-4754
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science, Systems Biology. KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0110-5192
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science, Systems Biology. KTH, Centres, Science for Life Laboratory, SciLifeLab.ORCID iD: 0009-0003-1250-0678
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Number of Authors: 1112025 (English)In: Science, ISSN 0036-8075, E-ISSN 1095-9203, Vol. 390, no 6779, article id eadx2678Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The human blood proteome provides a holistic readout of health states through the assessment of thousands of circulating proteins. In this study, we present a pan-disease resource to enable the study of diverse disease phenotypes within a harmonized proteomics dataset. By profiling protein concentrations across 59 diseases and healthy cohorts, we identified proteins associated with age, sex, and body mass index, as well as disease-specific signatures. This study highlights shared and distinct protein patterns across conditions, demonstrating the power of a unified proteomics approach to uncover biological insights. The dataset, covering 8262 individuals and up to 5416 proteins, serves as an online resource for exploring disease-specific protein profiles and advancing precision medicine research.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) , 2025. Vol. 390, no 6779, article id eadx2678
National Category
Medical Biotechnology (Focus on Cell Biology, (incl. Stem Cell Biology), Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry or Biopharmacy)
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-378079DOI: 10.1126/science.adx2678ISI: 001643421200001PubMedID: 41066540Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105025246161OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-378079DiVA, id: diva2:2046903
Note

QC 20260318

Available from: 2026-03-18 Created: 2026-03-18 Last updated: 2026-04-27Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. The blood proteome as a window into human health and disease
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The blood proteome as a window into human health and disease
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The circulating proteome is a dynamic and accessible window into the biological state of the human body, reflecting its physiological and pathological processes. Advances in technologies to measure the plasma proteome now enable the measurement of thousands of proteins at population scale, opening new opportunities for the discovery of clinically relevant and minimally invasive biomarkers. These approaches hold promise for improving disease detection, patient stratification, and disease monitoring, positioning plasma proteomics at the forefront of precision medicine. Key to these advances are bioinformatic methods that identify candidate proteins associated with specific health and disease states from high-dimensional datasets. Despite the efforts combining large-scale proteomics with computational analyses, relatively few biomarkers have translated into clinical practice. This highlights the need for investigations that incorporate diverse cohorts and expand on classic comparisons against healthy controls, alongside an increased focus on validation strategies.

This thesis contributes to biomarker discovery by broadening the biological contexts that are profiled and compared. The first studies focus on cancer, starting by predicting the presence of cancer in patients with non-specific symptoms in Paper I, and identifying a protein panel able to distinguish between twelve cancer types in Paper II. Building on these findings, Paper III provides a deeper perspective of the circulating proteome across healthy individuals, during development, adulthood and aging, and a wide range of diseases. This is followed by Paper IV, which focuses on comparing the two main affinity proteomics platforms by assessing their complementarity and applicability in biomarker studies. Finally, the analysis of these large-scale datasets led to the development of streamlined bioinformatics pipelines, which are presented as an open-access package in Paper V.

Together, this work illustrates the potential of combining affinity proteomics with bioinformatics pipelines to profile the circulating proteome and derive biological insights. This thesis focuses on pan-disease comparisons, evaluates the complementarity of affinity proteomics platforms, and highlights the importance of reproducible biomarker discovery workflows. Developed within the framework of the Human Disease Blood Resource, the resulting data and insights are integrated into the Human Protein Atlas (www.proteinatlas.org), providing a resource for precision medicine research.

Abstract [sv]

Proteiner i blodplasma återspeglar de fysiologiska och patologiska processer som sker i kroppen och utgör därmed en unik källa till information om människokroppens hälsotillstånd. Den tekniska utvecklingen inom analys av plasmaproteomet har möjliggjort att tusentals proteiner kan kvantifieras i tusentals prover. Detta har skapat goda förutsättningar för identifiering av nya kliniskt relevanta biomarkörer som kan mätas i ett enkelt blodprov och användas inom diagnostik, riskstratifiering och prognos. Tillämpningen av bioinformatiska metoder på högdimensionell data har varit en nyckel till identifiering av proteiner kopplade till specifika hälso- och sjukdomstillstånd. Trots omfattande metodutveckling inom både bioinformatik och olika proteomikplattformar har få biomarkörer introducerats inom klinisk kemi, vilket understryker behovet av bredare studier, utökande jämförelsegrupper och ett större fokus på validering.

Syftet med denna avhandling är att bidra till nya lovande biomarkörspaneler genom att skräddarsy och optimera de sammanhang där blodplasmaproteomet studeras. De inledande studierna fokuserar på cancerdiagnostik: i Artikel I identifieras biomarkörspaneler som kan ge ledtrådar om tidig utvecklad cancer hos patienter med diffusa symptom, och i Artikel II identifieras proteiner med potential att urskilja tolv olika cancerformer från varandra. Artikel III bygger vidare på de tidigare nämnda studierna genom att även inkludera friska vuxna som kombinerats med uppföljningsstudier hos barn som växer upp, äldre samt ett stort antal sjukdomstillstånd. Detta följs upp med Artikel IV som undersöker hur väl olika affinitetsproteomikplattformar stämmer överens, samt hur resultatet översätts till biologisk kontext. Slutligen presenterar Artikel V ett programmeringsbibliotek som innehåller flera analysmetoder för att effektivisera biomarkörsforskning baserad på storskalig data.

Sammantaget visar avhandlingen hur affinitetsproteomik och bioinformatiska arbetsflöden kan kombineras för att utforska det cirkulerande proteomet i olika hälso- och sjukdomstillstånd. Det övergripande arbetet belyser värdet av sjukdomsöverskridande jämförelser samt vikten av reproducerbara arbetsflöden vid biomarkörsstudier. Avhandlingen har genomförts inom ramen för Human Disease Blood Resource, som är en del av Human Protein Atlas (www.proteinatlas.org) där data och resultat som genererats som en resurs inom precisionsmedicin.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. p. 77
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2026:22
Keywords
plasma proteomics, biomarker discovery, protein profiling, affinity proteomics, pan-disease analysis, disease signatures, precision medicine, differential expression, machine learning, feature selection, classification models, Proximity Extension Assay, Olink proteomics, Human Protein Atlas, Human Disease Blood Atlas
National Category
Medical Biotechnology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-380258 (URN)978-91-8106-593-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-05-22, Eva & George Klein, via Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/69364610322, Solnavägen, 9, Solna, 13:30 (English)
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Note

QC 2026-04-28

Available from: 2026-04-28 Created: 2026-04-27 Last updated: 2026-05-11Bibliographically approved

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Bueno Álvez, MariaBergström, SofiaKenrick, JosefinJohansson, EmilAltay, ÖzlemSköld, HildaAntonopoulos, KonstantinosApostolakis, EmmanouilButler, Lynn M.Fagerberg, LinnForsberg, MattiasHober, AndreasIglesias, Maria JesusJohansson, FredricKotol, DavidMardinoglu, AdilMeng, LingqiNguyen, Mai Thi HuyenOdeberg, JacobOksvold, PerPin, ElisaSchwenk, Jochen M.Sivertsson, ÅsaSjöstedt, EvelinaSkoglund, LovisaSutantiwanichkul, ThanadolHua, Tranh-Min KhueWoessmann, JakobYang, HongYuan, MengZhang, ChengZwahlen, Martinvon Feilitzen, KalleNilsson, PeterEdfors, FredrikUhlén, Mathias

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Bueno Álvez, MariaBergström, SofiaKenrick, JosefinJohansson, EmilAltay, ÖzlemSköld, HildaAntonopoulos, KonstantinosApostolakis, EmmanouilButler, Lynn M.Fagerberg, LinnForsberg, MattiasHober, AndreasIglesias, Maria JesusJohansson, FredricKotol, DavidMardinoglu, AdilMeng, LingqiNguyen, Mai Thi HuyenOdeberg, JacobOksvold, PerPin, ElisaSchwenk, Jochen M.Sivertsson, ÅsaSjöstedt, EvelinaSkoglund, LovisaSutantiwanichkul, ThanadolHua, Tranh-Min KhueWoessmann, JakobYang, HongYuan, MengZhang, ChengZwahlen, Martinvon Feilitzen, KalleNilsson, PeterEdfors, FredrikUhlén, Mathias
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