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High-consistency modification of cellulose fibers: Resource-efficient introduction of cationic charges, and their effect on fiber and nanofibril properties
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Fiberprocesser. (FibRe Center for Lignocellulose-based Thermoplastics)ORCID iD: 0009-0003-1168-4399
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; FibRe Center for Lignocellulose-based Thermoplastics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6150-5203
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Fiberprocesser. (FibRe Center for Lignocellulose-based Thermoplastics)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8622-0386
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Fiberprocesser. (FibRe Center for Lignocellulose-based Thermoplastics)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7410-0333
2025 (English)In: Carbohydrate Polymers, ISSN 0144-8617, E-ISSN 1879-1344, Vol. 352, article id 123254Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Quaternized cellulose fibers and cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are attractive candidates for the development of new renewable and biodegradable materials. However, the etherification reaction, through which functionalization is commonly achieved, provides low efficiencies, limiting industrial interest in the modification. This work primarily aims to increase the efficiency for the quaternization of cellulosic fibers while keeping the fiber-structure intact. This was achieved using high-consistency kneading to mix and modify the fibers at far higher solids contents than previously reported, efficiently limiting the alkaline hydrolysis of the reagent. Increasing the solids content from 5 to 45 wt% improved the reaction efficiency from 2 % to unprecedented 38 %. Characterization of the fibers showed that high-consistency quaternization affected the wet dimensions of the fibers, with enhanced swelling and fibrillation being obtained. Based on the tensile testing of handsheets made, it was concluded that quaternizing the fibers enhanced the strainability of the material, from 1.8 to 6.7 %, and that kneading achieved a concomitant increase in stress-at-break, from 15 to 103 MPa. CNFs produced from fluidized high-consistency-quaternized fibers had dimensions comparable to those produced from hand-mixed fibers, having aspect ratios above 200, the CNF films produced were transparent, tough, and with a high propensity to sorb water.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2025. Vol. 352, article id 123254
National Category
Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-378336DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.123254ISI: 001399190000001PubMedID: 39843114Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85214513537OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-378336DiVA, id: diva2:2046992
Funder
Vinnova, 2019-00047
Note

QC 20260319

Available from: 2026-03-18 Created: 2026-03-18 Last updated: 2026-03-23Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Cationic cellulose fibers: Modification, properties, and potential applications
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Cationic cellulose fibers: Modification, properties, and potential applications
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

As we strive towards a more sustainable society, there is a growing demand toreplace fossil-based products with materials derived from renewable sources. Cellulose-based materials are promising candidates for this substitution. However, these materials do not always possess the properties needed to fully replace less sustainable counterparts.

Chemical modification can significantly alter the properties of cellulose fibers and materials prepared from them. This work explores the potential of one such modification – cationization. More specifically, the modification reaction, the properties of the material produced, and its potential applications are explored.

A high-consistency modification technique was employed to increase the reaction efficiency, thereby making the modification more industrially applicable. The modification enhanced the fibers’ interactions with water, and the prepared material was prone to both moisture sorption and swelling. Furthermore, papers prepared from the modified fibers exhibited an increased strainability. The observed enhanced strainability of the prepared papers, combined with moisture-induced softening, yielded a material that could withstand 3D forming without rupturing. The unprecedented swelling of the cationized fibers enabled them to be used as high-surface-area scaffolds for adsorbing high loads of nanosized particles.

All in all, this thesis contributes to alleviating some of the concerns and limitations associated with cationization of cellulose. It explores the potential of cationized fibers, a previously disregarded research topic, and provides insights into what can be achieved using them.

Abstract [sv]

I vår strävan mot ett mer hållbart samhälle finns en växande efterfrågan på att ersätta fossilbaserade produkter med material som härrör från förnybararåvaror. Cellulosabaserade material är lovande kandidater för en sådan omställning. Dessa material har dock inte alltid de egenskaper som krävs för att fullt ut ersätta mindre hållbara alternativ.

Kemisk modifiering kan avsevärt förändra egenskaperna hos cellulosafibrer och material framställda från dem. Denna avhandling undersöker potentialen hos en sådan modifiering – katjonisering. Mer specifikt studeras modifieringsreaktionen, egenskaperna hos det framställda materialet samt dess potentiella tillämpningar.

Högkonsistensmodifiering användes för att öka reaktionseffektiviteten och därigenom göra modifieringen mer industriellt tillämpbar. Modifieringen ökade fibrernas interaktion med vatten, och det framställda materialet uppvisade både högt fuktupptag och betydande svällning. Vidare visade papper framställda från de modifierade fibrerna en ökad töjbarhet. Den ökade töjbarheten, i kombination med fuktinducerad mjukgörning, resulterade i ett material som kunde genomgå 3D-formning utan att gå sönder. Den exceptionella svällningsförmågan hos de katjoniserade fibrerna möjliggjorde dessutom deras användning som matrismaterial med extremt hög specifik yta och adsorption av stora mängder nanopartiklar.

Sammanfattningsvis bidrar denna avhandling till att minska några av de farhågor och begränsningar som är förknippade med katjonisering av cellulosa. Den utforskar potentialen hos katjoniserade fibrer – ett tidigare förbisett forskningsområde – och ger insikter i vad som kan uppnås med dem.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. p. 82
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2026:16
Keywords
cellulose fibers, cationization, reaction efficiency, hygroplasticization, 3D forming, swelling, fiber wall functionalization, cellulosafibrer, katjonisering, reaktionseffektivitet, hygroplasticisering, 3D-formning, svällning, fiberväggsfunktionalisering
National Category
Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology
Research subject
Fibre and Polymer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-378521 (URN)978-91-8106-560-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-04-17, F3, Lindstedtvägen 26, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/61230907333, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Vinnova, 2019:00047
Note

QC 20260323

Embargo t.o.m. 2027-04-17 godkänt av skolchef Amelie Eriksson Karlström via e-post 2026-03-20.

Available from: 2026-03-23 Created: 2026-03-23 Last updated: 2026-03-30Bibliographically approved

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Sjölund, JohannaWågberg, LarsLarsson, Per A.

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