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Spatial multi-organism interactions
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Gene Technology, Gene Technology.ORCID iD: 0009-0000-5772-3961
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Spatial organization of gene expression underlies how organisms interact, adapt, maintain homeostasis and health, and cause disease. Recent advances in spatially resolved transcriptomics have enabled unbiased, transcriptome-wide profiling directly in intact tissues, thereby preserving the tissue microenvironment in which biological interactions occur. However, most SRT applications have focused on single organisms, primarily mammalian tissues, leaving multi-organism systems, host–pathogen, multicellular pathogens, and host–microbe interactions less explored.

In this thesis, we develop and apply spatial molecular tools to investigate multi-organism interactions across different biological scales. We introduce methodological advances that enable spatial profiling of (i) dual host–pathogen transcriptomes, (ii) multicellular pathogens with their own tissue organization and symbionts, (iii) complex microbial communities in relation to adaptive immune responses, and (iv) custom probe design for probe-based Spatial Transcriptomics in non-model organisms.

In Article I, we developed Dual Spatial Transcriptomics (DualST), which enables the simultaneous and unbiased detection of host and pathogen transcriptomes in situ in clinical formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples. We applied DualST to human lung tissue infected with SARS-CoV-2 to map viral RNA localization and characterize the surrounding host response within the tissue microenvironment.

In Article II, we developed Miniature Spatial Transcriptomics (MiniatureST) to spatially resolve small multicellular pathogens using polyA-based RNA capture in a high-throughput manner. We applied MiniatureST to the parasitic filarial worm Brugia malayi, which causes lymphatic filariasis. This approach resolved the worm’s spatial transcriptomic architecture and enabled detection of its endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia, providing insight into the worm–endosymbiont interactions within the context of infection in the human host.

In Article III, we introduced Spatial metaTranscriptomics and Spatial VDJ (SmT-SVDJ), a method that combines microbial rRNA phylogenetic marker capture with enrichment of full-length B cell (BCR) and T cell (TCR) antigen receptor sequences, encompassing their V (variable), D (diversity), and J (joining) regions. This approach enables spatial mapping of microbial composition together with B and T cell clones, thereby linking microbiome organization to adaptive immune responses within tissues. We demonstrated SmT-SVDJ on two distinct human clinical samples, tonsil and breast cancer, unveiling microbiome-host-VDJ repertoire spatial profiles unique to each tissue type.

In Article IV, we developed Probe Spatial Transcriptomics (ProbeST), an open-source, scalable computational pipeline for designing custom gene-specific probe sets beyond human and mouse compatible with probe-based Visium Spatial Transcriptomics assays. A DualST experiment using ProbeST custom Salmonella pathogen probes together with the commercial mouse probe panel enabled simultaneous detection of host-pathogen transcripts, linking bacterial gene expression to localized host inflammatory responses. ProbeST expands probe-based Spatial Transcriptomics to non-model organisms and supports multi-organism and host–pathogen studies.

Together, these studies establish a framework for spatially interrogating host–pathogen, host–symbiont, and host–microbiome interactions. By developing adaptable molecular and computational tools, this work expands the application of spatially resolved transcriptomics to multi-organism systems and provides approaches that can be applied to diverse biological and clinical contexts.

Abstract [sv]

Den rumsliga organiseringen av genuttryck ligger till grund för hur organismer interagerar, anpassar sig, upprätthåller homeostas och hälsa samt orsakar sjukdom. Nyliga framsteg inom rumsligt upplöst transkriptomik (SRT) har möjliggjort obiaserad, transkriptomomfattande profilering direkt i intakta vävnader och bevarar därmed den vävnadsmikromiljö där biologiska interaktioner sker. De flesta SRT-tillämpningar har dock fokuserat på enskilda organismer, främst däggdjursvävnader, vilket har lämnat multi-organismsystem, värd–patogen-interaktioner, flercelliga patogener och värd–mikrob-interaktioner mindre utforskade.

I denna avhandling utvecklar och tillämpar vi rumsliga molekylära verktyg för att undersöka multi-organisminteraktioner över olika biologiska skalor. Vi introducerar metodologiska framsteg som möjliggör rumslig profilering av (i) dubbla värd–patogen-transkriptom, (ii) flercelliga patogener med egen vävnadsorganisation och symbionter, (iii) komplexa mikrobiella samhällen i relation till adaptiva immunsvar, samt (iv) design av anpassade prober för prob-baserad Spatial Transcriptomics i icke-modellorganismer.

I Artikel I utvecklade vi Dual Spatial Transcriptomics (DualST), som möjliggör samtidig och obiaserad detektion av värd- och patogentranskriptom in situ i kliniska formalinfixerade paraffininbäddade prover. Vi tillämpade DualST på human lungvävnad infekterad med SARS-CoV-2 för att kartlägga lokaliseringen av viralt RNA och karakterisera det omgivande värdsvaret i vävnadens mikromiljö.

I Artikel II utvecklade vi Miniature Spatial Transcriptomics (MiniatureST) för att rumsligt kartlägga små flercelliga patogener med hjälp av poly(A)-baserad RNA-infångning med hög genomströmning. Vi tillämpade MiniatureST på den parasitiska filariemasken Brugia malayi, som orsakar lymfatisk filariasis. Denna metod kartlade maskens rumsliga transkriptomiska arkitektur och möjliggjorde detektion av dess endosymbiotiska bakterie Wolbachia, vilket gav insikt i mask–endosymbiont-interaktioner i samband med infektion i den humana värden.

I Artikel III introducerade vi Spatial metaTranscriptomics och Spatial VDJ (SmT-SVDJ), en metod som kombinerar infångning av mikrobiella rRNA-fylogenetiska markörer med anrikning av fullängds antigenreceptorsekvenser från B cells (BCR) och T cells (TCR), inklusive deras V (variabla), D (diversitets) och J (sammanfognings-) regioner. Detta tillvägagångssätt möjliggör rumslig kartläggning av mikrobiell sammansättning tillsammans med B- och T-cellskloner, vilket därmed kopplar mikrobiomets organisation till adaptiva immunsvar i vävnader. Vi demonstrerade SmT-SVDJ på två distinkta humana kliniska prover, tonsill och bröstcancer, och avslöjade mikrobiom–värd–VDJ-repertoarers rumsliga profiler som är unika för varje vävnadstyp.

I Artikel IV utvecklade vi ProbeST, en öppen och skalbar beräkningspipeline för design av anpassade genspecifika probpaneler utöver human och mus, kompatibla med prob-baserade Visium Spatial Transcriptomics-analyser. Ett DualST-experiment med ProbeST-designade Salmonella-prober i kombination med den kommersiella muspanelen möjliggjorde samtidig detektion av värd- och patogentranskript och kopplade bakteriellt genuttryck till lokala inflammatoriska värdsvar. ProbeST utvidgar prob-baserad Spatial Transcriptomics till icke-modellorganismer och stödjer multi-organism- och värd–patogen-studier.

Tillsammans etablerar dessa studier ett ramverk för rumslig analys av värd–patogen-, värd–symbiont- och värd–mikrobiom-interaktioner. Genom att utveckla anpassningsbara molekylära och beräkningsmässiga verktyg utvidgar detta arbete tillämpningen av SRT till multi-organismsystem och tillhandahåller metoder som kan användas i olika biologiska och kliniska sammanhang.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. , p. 161
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2026:17
National Category
Medical Biotechnology (Focus on Cell Biology, (incl. Stem Cell Biology), Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry or Biopharmacy)
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-378564ISBN: 978-91-8106-564-0 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-378564DiVA, id: diva2:2048041
Public defence
2026-04-17, Air & Fire, via Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/69525273685, SciLifeLab, Tomtebodavägen 23A, Solna, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 2026-03-24

Available from: 2026-03-24 Created: 2026-03-23 Last updated: 2026-03-30Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Dual spatially resolved transcriptomics for human host–pathogen colocalization studies in FFPE tissue sections
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Dual spatially resolved transcriptomics for human host–pathogen colocalization studies in FFPE tissue sections
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2023 (English)In: Genome Biology, ISSN 1465-6906, E-ISSN 1474-760X, Vol. 24, no 1, article id 237Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Technologies to study localized host–pathogen interactions are urgently needed. Here, we present a spatial transcriptomics approach to simultaneously capture host and pathogen transcriptome-wide spatial gene expression information from human formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections at a near single-cell resolution. We demonstrate this methodology in lung samples from COVID-19 patients and validate our spatial detection of SARS-CoV-2 against RNAScope and in situ sequencing. Host–pathogen colocalization analysis identified putative modulators of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human lung cells. Our approach provides new insights into host response to pathogen infection through the simultaneous, unbiased detection of two transcriptomes in FFPE samples.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2023
Keywords
Colocalization analysis, Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues, Host–pathogen interactions, Spatial transcriptomics
National Category
Cancer and Oncology Cell and Molecular Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-339050 (URN)10.1186/s13059-023-03080-y (DOI)001097440100002 ()37858234 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85174494064 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20231128

Available from: 2023-11-28 Created: 2023-11-28 Last updated: 2026-03-23Bibliographically approved
2. Miniature spatial transcriptomics for studying parasite-endosymbiont relationships at the micro scale
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Miniature spatial transcriptomics for studying parasite-endosymbiont relationships at the micro scale
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2023 (English)In: Nature Communications, E-ISSN 2041-1723, Vol. 14, no 1, article id 6500Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Several important human infectious diseases are caused by microscale-sized parasitic nematodes like filarial worms. Filarial worms have their own spatial tissue organization; to uncover this tissue structure, we need methods that can spatially resolve these miniature specimens. Most filarial worms evolved a mutualistic association with endosymbiotic bacteria Wolbachia. However, the mechanisms underlying the dependency of filarial worms on the fitness of these bacteria remain unknown. As Wolbachia is essential for the development, reproduction, and survival of filarial worms, we spatially explored how Wolbachia interacts with the worm’s reproductive system by performing a spatial characterization using Spatial Transcriptomics (ST) across a posterior region containing reproductive tissue and developing embryos of adult female Brugia malayi worms. We provide a proof-of-concept for miniature-ST to explore spatial gene expression patterns in small sample types, demonstrating the method’s ability to uncover nuanced tissue region expression patterns, observe the spatial localization of key B. malayi - Wolbachia pathway genes, and co-localize the B. malayi spatial transcriptome in Wolbachia tissue regions, also under antibiotic treatment. We envision our approach will open up new avenues for the study of infectious diseases caused by micro-scale parasitic worms.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2023
National Category
Biochemistry Molecular Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-338862 (URN)10.1038/s41467-023-42237-y (DOI)001095513800017 ()37838705 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85174177058 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20231123

Available from: 2023-10-31 Created: 2023-10-31 Last updated: 2026-03-23Bibliographically approved
3. SmT-SVDJ resolves microbiome-host immune B and T cell clone interactions
Open this publication in new window or tab >>SmT-SVDJ resolves microbiome-host immune B and T cell clone interactions
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Interactions between microbiota and the host immune system maintain and regulate homeostasis and disease. An important question is whether the spatial dynamics of microbial colonization affect the localization of host adaptive immune B and T cell clones and vice versa. Answering this question has been difficult, given the technical challenges of capturing spatial specificity of direct interactions of specific microbes with B and T cells within anatomical niches in human tissues. Here, we combine SmT (Spatial metaTranscriptomics) and Spatial VDJ (Spatial Transcriptomics of host variable, diversity, and joining (VDJ) sequences) to simultaneously capture and profile bacterial and fungal microbial taxa, B and T cell clonal distributions, and host transcriptome-wide expression information at 55 µm spatial resolution. We applied our SmT-SVDJ approach to human tonsil and breast cancer tissues, revealing tissue-specific links between profiles and spatial domains of the microbiome and full-length B and T cell receptors sequences. Tonsillar crypt epithelium featured high bacterial diversity (such as Fusobacterium, Prevotella, Streptococcus, Haemophilus) and evidence of a localized neutrophil and pro-inflammatory macrophage immune response, with cells that had enriched EGFR and PI3K pathway activity surrounded by cells with high antigen receptor diversity and plasma cells, and neighboring regions of T cells, B cell follicles/germinal centers, and cells with strong JAK-STAT pathway activity. Breast cancer tissue contained bacteria such as Methylobacterium and Lactobacillus, with a broad spatial distribution, slight enrichment in the tumor region and near B cell class-switched isotype clones, including massively expanded B cell class-switched clones, indicating a tumor-associated antigen-driven B cell response. Therefore, we demonstrated the potential of SmT-SVDJ to spatially map putative interactions between microorganisms and host immune cells defined by specific antigen receptor sequences. Applying SmT-SVDJ to tissues where microbes interface with the immune system may reveal how microbes shape immunity, influence disease, and impact therapeutic responses.

National Category
Medical Biotechnology (Focus on Cell Biology, (incl. Stem Cell Biology), Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry or Biopharmacy)
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-378563 (URN)
Note

QC 20260323

Available from: 2026-03-23 Created: 2026-03-23 Last updated: 2026-03-23Bibliographically approved
4. ProbeST: a custom probe design pipeline for Spatial Transcriptomics
Open this publication in new window or tab >>ProbeST: a custom probe design pipeline for Spatial Transcriptomics
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Probe-based Spatial Transcriptomics profiles spatially-resolved transcriptomes using gene-specific probe pairs for both Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) and Fresh Frozen samples. However, its applicability is restricted to human and mouse studies, due to commercial probe set availability. Here, we present ProbeST, an open-source computational pipeline for designing custom probe sets for genes of interest of a given organism. We validated ProbeST on FFPE mouse enteroid-derived monolayers infected with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, using custom pathogen probes with the available mouse probe panel. We simultaneously detected host and pathogen transcripts, demonstrating high probe specificity and enabling identification of inflammatory response host genes Mefv, Tnf, and Anxa1 colocalizing to pathogen genes. The reproducible ProbeST workflow expands probe-based Spatial Transcriptomics to studies of non-model organisms and host-pathogen interactions.

Keywords
Spatial Transcriptomics, Probe Design, Pipeline, DualST, Salmonella Typhimurium, Mouse Enteroids, Host-pathogen interactions, Colocalization analysis, Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues
National Category
Medical Biotechnology (Focus on Cell Biology, (incl. Stem Cell Biology), Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry or Biopharmacy)
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-378531 (URN)
Note

QC 20260323

Available from: 2026-03-23 Created: 2026-03-23 Last updated: 2026-03-23Bibliographically approved

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Sounart, Hailey Elizabeth

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