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Transceiver Architectures for Future Wireless Systems with Hardware Constraints
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Communication Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3560-2901
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In the upcoming era of communication systems, there is an anticipated shift towards using lower-grade hardware components to optimize size, cost, and power consumption. This shift is particularly beneficial for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems and Internet of Things devices, which require numerous components and extended battery lives. However, using lower-grade components introduces impairments, including various non-linear and time-varying distortions affecting communication signals. Traditionally, these impairments have been treated as additional noise due to the lack of a rigorous theory. This thesis explores a new perspective on how the structure of impairments can be exploited to optimize communication performance. To address these challenges, this thesis presents impairments-aware beamforming in various scenarios. 

Initially, we investigate the systems with limited fronthaul capacity. We propose an optimized linear precoding for advanced antenna systems (AAS) operating at a 5G base station (BS) within the constraints of a limited fronthaul capacity, modeled by a quantizer. The proposed novel precoding minimizes the mean-squared error (MSE) at the receiver side using a sphere decoding (SD) approach. 

After analyzing MSE minimization, a new linear precoding design is proposed to maximize the sum rate of the same system in the second part of this thesis. The latter problem is solved by a novel iterative algorithm inspired by the classical weighted minimum mean square error (WMMSE) approach. Additionally, a quantization-aware low-complexity algorithm expectation propagation (EP) is presented for large massive MIMO setups, which is more practical for nowadays systems. Besides, the heuristic quantization-aware precoding method with lower computational complexity is presented, showing that it outperforms the quantization-unaware baseline. This baseline is an optimized infinite-resolution precoding, which is then quantized. This study reveals that it is possible to double the sum rate at high SNR by selecting weights and precoding matrices that are quantization-aware. 

Next, we adopt a splitting precoding architecture tailored to fronthaul-constrained systems for practical deployments. In modern systems, the AAS can perform part of the beamforming locally, for example, through beam-space selection. The remaining lower-dimensional interference-cancelation precoder can then be transmitted over the limited-capacity fronthaul link. Compared to the previous fully centralized setup under the same fronthaul constraint, this approach enables higher quantization resolution for the precoder coefficients. Moreover, since both the uplink pilot signals used for channel estimation and the downlink precoding matrix must be transmitted over the limited-capacity fronthaul link, we design a joint uplink–downlink bit allocation scheme to determine the optimal distribution of fronthaul resources between the two directions.

In the final part of this thesis, we focus on the signaling problem in mobile millimeter-wave (mmWave) communication. The challenge of mmWave systems is the rapid fading variations and extensive pilot signaling. We explore the frequency of updating the combining matrix in a wideband mmWave point-to-point MIMO under user equipment (UE) mobility. The concept of beam coherence time is introduced to quantify the frequency at which the UE must update its downlink receive combining matrix. The study demonstrates that the beam coherence time can be even hundreds of times larger than the channel coherence time of small-scale fading. Simulations validate that the proposed lower bound on this defined concept guarantees no more than 50 \% loss of received signal gain (SG). Based on these results, beam-coherence-aware two-stage digital combining is proposed for the mmWave single-user point-to-point MIMO and multi-user MIMO systems. We also propose time-domain channel estimation.

Abstract [sv]

I den kommande eran av kommunikationssystem förväntas en förskjutning mot att använda hårdvarukomponenter av lägre kvalitet för att optimera storlek, kostnad och strömförbrukning. Denna förskjutning är särskilt fördelaktig för MIMO-system (multiple-input multiple-output) och sakernas internet-enheter, vilka kräver många komponenter och förlängd batteritid. Användning av komponenter av lägre kvalitet introducerar dock försämringar, inklusive olika icke-linjära och tidsvarierande distorsioner som påverkar kommunikationssignalerna. Traditionellt har dessa försämringar behandlats som ytterligare brus på grund av avsaknaden av en rigorös teori. Denna avhandling utforskar ett nytt perspektiv på hur strukturen av försämringar kan utnyttjas för att optimera kommunikationsprestanda. För att hantera dessa utmaningar presenterar denna avhandling försämringsmedveten strålformning i olika scenarier.

Inledningsvis undersöker vi system med begränsad fronthaul-kapacitet. Vi föreslår en optimerad linjär förkodning för avancerade antennsystem (AAS) som arbetar vid en 5G-basstation (BS) inom begränsningarna av en begränsad fronthaul-kapacitet, modellerad av en kvantiserare. Den föreslagna nya förkodningen minimerar medelkvadratfelet (MSE) på mottagarsidan med hjälp av en sfäravkodningsmetod (SD).

Efter att ha analyserat MSE-minimering föreslås en ny linjär förkodningsdesign för att maximera summahastigheten för samma system i den andra delen av denna avhandling. Det senare problemet löses med en ny iterativ algoritm inspirerad av den klassiska vägda minimum medelkvadratfelsmetoden (WMMSE). Dessutom presenteras en kvantiseringsmedveten lågkomplexitetsalgoritmförväntningsutbredning (EP) för stora massiva MIMO-uppsättningar, vilket är mer praktiskt för dagens system. Dessutom presenteras den heuristiska kvantiseringsmedvetna förkodningsmetoden med lägre beräkningskomplexitet, vilket visar att den överträffar den kvantiseringsomedvetna baslinjen. Denna baslinje är en optimerad förkodning med oändlig upplösning, som sedan kvantiseras. Denna studie visar att det är möjligt att fördubbla summahastigheten vid högt signal-brusförhållande (SNR) genom att välja vikter och förkodningsmatriser som är kvantiseringsmedvetna.

Därefter använder vi en delande förkodningsarkitektur skräddarsydd för fronthaul-begränsade system för praktiska implementeringar. I moderna system kan AAS utföra en del av strålformningen lokalt, till exempel genom strålrymdsval. Den återstående lägre dimensionella interferensutsläckningsförkodaren kan sedan sändas över fronthaul-länken med begränsad kapacitet. Jämfört med den tidigare helt centraliserade uppsättningen under samma fronthaul-begränsning möjliggör denna metod högre kvantiseringsupplösning för förkodarkoefficienterna. Eftersom både upplänkspilotsignalerna som används för kanaluppskattning och nedlänksförkodningsmatrisen måste sändas över fronthaul-länken med begränsad kapacitet, utformar vi dessutom ett gemensamt upplänks-nedlänksbitallokeringsschema för att bestämma den optimala fördelningen av fronthaul-resurser mellan de två riktningarna.

I den sista delen av denna avhandling fokuserar vi på signaleringsproblemet i mobil millimetervågskommunikation (mmWave). Utmaningen med mmWave-system är de snabba fadningsvariationerna och den omfattande pilotsignaleringen. Vi utforskar frekvensen för att uppdatera kombinationsmatrisen i en bredbandig mmWave punkt-till-punkt MIMO under användarutrustningsmobilitet (UE). Konceptet strålkoherenstid introduceras för att kvantifiera frekvensen med vilken UE:n måste uppdatera sin nedlänksmottagningskombinationsmatris. Studien visar att strålkoherenstiden kan vara till och med hundratals gånger större än kanalkoherenstiden vid småskalig fädning. Simuleringar bekräftar att den föreslagna nedre gränsen för detta definierade koncept garanterar högst 50 \% förlust av mottagen signalförstärkning (SG). Baserat på dessa resultat föreslås strålkoherensmedveten tvåstegs digital kombinering för mmWave punkt-till-punkt MIMO för enanvändare och fleranvändar-MIMO-system. Vi föreslår även tidsdomänkanalestimering.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Kungliga Tekniska högskolan , 2026. , p. 111
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2026:23
National Category
Telecommunications
Research subject
Information and Communication Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-378738ISBN: 978-91-8106-561-9 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-378738DiVA, id: diva2:2048985
Public defence
2026-04-21, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20260327

Available from: 2026-03-30 Created: 2026-03-26 Last updated: 2026-04-08Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Optimized Precoding for MU-MIMO With Fronthaul Quantization
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Optimized Precoding for MU-MIMO With Fronthaul Quantization
2023 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, ISSN 1536-1276, E-ISSN 1558-2248, Vol. 22, no 11, p. 7102-7115Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

One of the first widespread uses of multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) is in 5G networks, where each base station has an advanced antenna system (AAS) that is connected to the baseband unit (BBU) with a capacity-constrained fronthaul. In the AAS configuration, multiple passive antenna elements and radio units are integrated into a single box. This paper considers precoded downlink transmission over a single-cell MU-MIMO system. We study optimized linear precoding for AAS with a limited-capacity fronthaul, which requires the precoding matrix to be quantized. We propose a new precoding design that is aware of the fronthaul quantization and minimizes the mean-squared error at the receiver side. We compute the precoding matrix using a sphere decoding (SD) approach. We also propose a heuristic low-complexity approach to quantized precoding. This heuristic is computationally efficient enough for massive MIMO systems. The numerical results show that our proposed precoding significantly outperforms quantization-unaware precoding and other previous approaches in terms of the sum rate. The performance loss for our heuristic method compared to quantization-aware precoding is insignificant considering the complexity reduction, which makes the heuristic method feasible for real-time applications. We consider both perfect and imperfect channel state information (CSI).

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2023
Keywords
Precoding, Symbols, Quantization (signal), Downlink, Antennas, Complexity theory, Uplink, Quantization-aware precoding, advanced antenna system (AAS), limited fronthaul capacity, reduced complexity, MU-MIMO
National Category
Telecommunications
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-343053 (URN)10.1109/TWC.2023.3247802 (DOI)001130158900004 ()2-s2.0-85149458917 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20240206

Available from: 2024-02-06 Created: 2024-02-06 Last updated: 2026-03-26Bibliographically approved
2. Quantized Precoding for Maximizing Sum Rate in MU-MIMO Systems with Constrained Fronthaul
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Quantized Precoding for Maximizing Sum Rate in MU-MIMO Systems with Constrained Fronthaul
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This paper studies a downlink multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) system, where the precoding matrix is computed at a baseband unit (BBU) and then transmitted to the remote antenna array over a limited-capacity digital fronthaul. The limited bit resolution of the fronthaul introduces quantization effects that are explicitly modeled. We propose a novel sum rate maximization framework that directly incorporates the quantizer's constraints into the precoding design. The resulting maximization problem, a non-convex mixed-integer program, is addressed using a new iterative algorithm inspired by the weighted minimum mean square error (WMMSE) methodology. The precoding optimization subproblem is reformulated as an integer least-squares problem and solved using a novel sphere decoding (SD) algorithm.Additionally, a low-complexity expectation propagation (EP)-based method is introduced to enable the practical implementation of quantized precoding in MU-massive MIMO (MU-mMIMO) systems. Furthermore, numerical evaluations demonstrate that the proposed precoding schemes outperform conventional approaches that optimize infinite-resolution precoding followed by element-wise quantization. We also propose a heuristic quantization-aware precoding method with comparable complexity to the baseline but superior performance. In particular, the EP-based approach offers near-optimal performance with substantial complexity reduction, making it well-suited for real-time MU-mMIMO applications.

Keywords
Sum rate maximization, constrained fronthaul, weighted minimum mean square error, quantization-aware precoding, sphere decoding, expectation propagation.
National Category
Telecommunications
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-378736 (URN)
Note

QC 20260330

Available from: 2026-03-26 Created: 2026-03-26 Last updated: 2026-03-30Bibliographically approved
3. Splitting Precoding with Subspace Selection and Quantized Refinement for Massive MIMO
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Splitting Precoding with Subspace Selection and Quantized Refinement for Massive MIMO
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Limited fronthaul capacity is a practical bottleneck in massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) 5G architectures, where a base station (BS) consists of an advanced antenna system (AAS) connected to a baseband unit (BBU). Conventional downlink designs perform all precoding at the BBU and transmit a high-dimensional precoding matrix over the fronthaul, resulting in significant quantization loss and signaling overhead. This letter proposes a splitting precoding architecture that separates the design between the AAS and BBU. {\color{black}The AAS performs local subspace selection, after which the BBU computes a quantization-aware refinement precoding over the resulting reduced-dimensional effective channel.}Numerical results show that the proposed splitting precoding strategy achieves higher sum rate than conventional one-stage precoding.

Keywords
Splitting precoding, massive MIMO, subspace selection, quantization-aware precoding, and limited fronthaul.
National Category
Telecommunications
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-378735 (URN)
Note

Major revision submitted for publishing paper in IEEE Wireless Communications Letters

 QC 20260330

Available from: 2026-03-26 Created: 2026-03-26 Last updated: 2026-03-30Bibliographically approved
4. Joint Uplink–Downlink Fronthaul Bit Allocation in Fronthaul-Limited Massive MU-MIMO Systems
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Joint Uplink–Downlink Fronthaul Bit Allocation in Fronthaul-Limited Massive MU-MIMO Systems
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This paper optimizes the fronthaul bit allocation in massive multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) systems operating with limited-capacity fronthaul links. We consider an advanced antenna system (AAS) controlled by a centralized baseband unit (BBU). In the AAS, multiple antenna elements together with their radio units are integrated into a single unit. In this setup, a key challenge is allocating fronthaul bits between uplink channel state information (CSI) quantization and downlink precoding matrix quantization. We formulate the problem of maximizing the sum spectral efficiency (SE) for a given fronthaul capacity. We develop an SE expression for this scenario based on the hardening bound. We compute the expression in closed form for maximum ratio transmission, which reveals the relative impact of the two types of quantization distortion. We then formulate a bit split optimization problem and propose an algorithm that exactly solves it. Numerical results demonstrate how the relative importance of assigning bits to CSI and precoding varies depending on the signal-to-noise ratio.

Keywords
Bit allocation, massive MU-MIMO, Fronthaul quantization, and hardening bound.
National Category
Telecommunications
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-378737 (URN)
Note

QC 20260330

Available from: 2026-03-26 Created: 2026-03-26 Last updated: 2026-03-30Bibliographically approved
5. Beam Coherence Time Analysis for Mobile Wideband mmWave Point-to-Point MIMO Channels
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Beam Coherence Time Analysis for Mobile Wideband mmWave Point-to-Point MIMO Channels
2024 (English)In: IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, ISSN 2162-2337, E-ISSN 2162-2345, Vol. 13, no 6, p. 1546-1550Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Multi-Gbps data rates are achievable in millimeter-wave (mmWave) bands, but a prominent issue is the tiny wavelength that results in rapid fading variations and significant pilot signaling for channel estimation. In this letter, we recognize that the angles of scattering clusters seen from the UE vary slowly compared to the small-scale fading. We characterize the beam coherence time, which quantifies how frequently the UE must update its downlink receive combining matrix. The exact beam coherence time is derived in the single-cluster case, and an achievable lower bound is proposed for the multi-cluster case. These values are determined so that at least half of the received signal gain is maintained in between the combining updates. We demonstrate how the beam coherence time can be hundreds of times larger than the channel coherence time of the small-scale fading.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2024
Keywords
Coherence time, Millimeter wave communication, Fading channels, Scattering, OFDM, MIMO communication, Array signal processing, Millimeter wave (mmWave), beam coherence time, half-power beamwidth, user mobility
National Category
Telecommunications
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-349619 (URN)10.1109/LWC.2024.3381434 (DOI)001246583100047 ()2-s2.0-85189303602 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20240702

Available from: 2024-07-02 Created: 2024-07-02 Last updated: 2026-03-26Bibliographically approved
6. Beam-Coherence-Aware Two-Stage Digital Combining for mmWave MU-MIMO Systems
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Beam-Coherence-Aware Two-Stage Digital Combining for mmWave MU-MIMO Systems
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This paper considers a wideband millimeter-wave MIMO system with fully digital transceivers at both the base station and the user equipment (UE), focusing on mobile scenarios. To reduce the baseband processing burden at the UE, we propose a two-stage digital combining architecture, where the received signals are compressed from K antennas to dimension Nc before baseband processing. The first-stage combining matrix exploits channel geometry and is updated on the beam-coherence timescale, which is longer than the channel coherence time, while the second stage is updated per channel coherence time. We develop a pilot-based channel estimation framework tailored to the proposed two-stage digital combining architecture, leveraging maximum likelihood estimation. Furthermore, we propose a time-domain method that exploits the finite delay spread to reconstruct the full channel from a reduced number of pilot subcarriers. Precoding and combining schemes are designed accordingly, and spectral efficiency expressions with imperfect channel state information are derived. Numerical results show that the proposed time-domain approach outperforms hybrid beamforming while reducing pilot overhead. We further demonstrate that the framework extends to multi-user MIMO and retains its performance advantages. These results highlight the potential of two-stage fully digital transceivers for future wideband systems.

Keywords
mmWave MIMO, Two-Stage Digital Combining, Time-Domain Channel Estimation, Multi-user MIMO, Maximum Likelihood Channel Estimation.
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Research subject
Telecommunication
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-378733 (URN)
Note

This paper is submitted to IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications.

QC 20260330

Available from: 2026-03-26 Created: 2026-03-26 Last updated: 2026-03-30Bibliographically approved

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Khorsandmanesh, Yasaman

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