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Inversions in the 1324-avoiding permutations
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Mathematics (Dept.), Algebra, Combinatorics and Topology.ORCID iD: 0009-0001-7064-9492
2026 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Inversioner i de 1324-undvikande permutationerna (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

The study of pattern avoidance stems from a question in computer science: which sequences of distinct numbers can be ordered by a single pass through a stack? Knuth (1968) found that these sequences are characterized by having no subsequence a, b, c, such that < a b. Such a subsequence has the same relative order as the permutation 231, so we say that our original sequence avoids 231.

In more general terms, pattern avoidance is a natural way to restrict the structure of permutations by forbidding subsequences with a certain relative order. This has become a popular topic in enumerative combinatorics, and it has connections to various other fields.

Determining the number of 1324-avoiding permutations of length n is the most important open problem in pattern avoidance. This thesis is comprised of two papers contributing to the inversion monotonicity conjecture by Claesson, Jelínek and Steingrímsson (2012), according to which avnk(1324), the number of 1324-avoiders of length n with a fixed number k of inversions, is weakly increasing in n. If the conjecture is true, it improves our understanding of the asymptotic behavior of the number of 1324-avoiders.

In Paper A, we provide an explicit formula for avnk(1324) for all n ≥ (k + 7)/2. The proof relies on a novel structural characterization of 1324-avoiders with few inversions. As a byproduct, we show that the inversion monotonicity conjecture holds when n ≥ (k + 7)/2.

In Paper B, we study the inversion monotonicity of classes of permutations avoiding multiple patterns. We show the sets {1324, 231} and {1324, 2314, 3214, 4213} are inversion monotone via explicit injections, and introduce a general procedure for constructing large inversion-monotone sets. We also analyze the limiting structure of large permutations with a fixed number of inversions avoiding 1324 and another pattern of length four, and prove several half-monotonicity results similar to Paper A.

Abstract [sv]

Mönsterundvikning har sitt ursprung i en datavetenskaplig fråga: vilka följder av distinkta tal kan sorteras med hjälp av en enda stack? Knuth (1968) visade att dessa följder kännetecknas av att de inte innehåller någon delföljd a, b, c som uppfyller c < a < b. En sådan delföljd har samma relativa ordning som permutation 231, så vi säger att vår ursprungliga följd undviker 231.

Mer allmänt är mönsterundvikning ett naturligt sätt att begränsa strukturen av permutationer genom att förbjuda delföljder med en viss relativ ordning. Detta har blivit ett populärt ämne inom enumerativ kombinatorik, och det finns kopplingar till många andra områden.

Att bestämma antalet 1324-undvikande permutationer av längd n är det viktigaste öppna problemet inom mönsterundvikning. Denna avhandling består av två artiklar som bidrar till inv-monotonicitetsförmodan av Claesson, Jelínek och Steingrímsson (2012), som säger att avnk(1324), antalet 1324-undvikare av längd n med ett fixerat antal k inversioner, är svagt växande i n. Om förmodan är sann, förbättrar den vår förståelse av det asymptotiska beteendet av antalet 1324-undvikare.

I Artikel A ger vi en explicit formel för avnk(1324) för alla n ≥ (k + 7)/2. Beviset bygger på en ny strukturell karaktärisering av 1324-undvikare med få inversioner. En konsekvens av resultatet är att inv-monotonicitetsförmodan håller när n ≥ (k + 7)/2.

I Artikel B studerar vi inv-monotoniciteten av klasser av permutationer som undviker flera mönster. Vi visar att mängderna {1324, 231} och {1324, 2314, 3214, 4213} är inv-monotona via explicita injektioner, och introducerar en metod för att konstruera stora inv-monotona mängder. Vi analyserar också strukturen av stora permutationer med ett fixerat antal inversioner som undviker 1324 och ett annat mönster av längd fyra, och bevisar flera halvmonotonicitetsresultat liknande Artikel A.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. , p. ix, 194
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2026:07
Keywords [en]
Permutation, Pattern, 1324, Inversion, Enumeration
Keywords [sv]
Permutation, Mönster, 1324, Inversion, Uppräkning
National Category
Discrete Mathematics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-378951ISBN: 978-91-8106-559-6 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-378951DiVA, id: diva2:2050045
Presentation
2026-04-28, D3, Lindstedtsvägen 9, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2022-03875
Note

QC 2026-04-07

Available from: 2026-04-07 Created: 2026-03-31 Last updated: 2026-04-07Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Enumerating 1324-avoiders with few inversions
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Enumerating 1324-avoiders with few inversions
2025 (English)In: The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, ISSN 1097-1440, E-ISSN 1077-8926, Vol. 32, no 3, article id P3.44Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

We enumerate the numbers avkn(1324) of 1324-avoiding n-permutations with exactly k inversions for all k and n≥(k+7)/2. The result depends on a structural characterization of such permutations in terms of a new notion of almost-decomposability. In particular, our enumeration verifies half of a conjecture of Claesson, Jelínek and Steingrímsson, according to which avkn(1324)≤avkn+1(1324) for all n and k. Proving also the other half would improve the best known upper bound for the exponential growth rate of the number of 1324-avoiders from 13.5 to approximately 13.002.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
The Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, 2025
National Category
Discrete Mathematics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-370692 (URN)10.37236/13387 (DOI)001567694400001 ()2-s2.0-105016015807 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20250930

Available from: 2025-09-30 Created: 2025-09-30 Last updated: 2026-03-31Bibliographically approved
2. Towards inversion monotonicity for 1324
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Towards inversion monotonicity for 1324
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

A collection B of patterns is called inversion monotone if the number of B-avoiding permutations of length n with k inversions is weakly increasing in n for any fixed k. Claesson, Jelínek and Steingrímsson (2012) conjectured that the pattern 1324 is inversion monotone, implying a new upper bound for its Stanley--Wilf limit. We make progress on the conjecture by proving that {1324, 231} and {1324, 2314, 3214, 4213} are inversion monotone via explicit injections. The latter follows from a general procedure for constructing inversion-monotone sets. These are the first proofs of inversion monotonicity in nontrivial cases.

A key feature of the inv-distribution on the 1324-avoiders is the limit sequence: the number of 1324-avoiding permutations of length n with k inversions is known to be constant in n when n is large. We characterize the sets of patterns for which limit sequences exist, and determine the limit sequences for all pairs {1324, p}, where p is a pattern of length four. Connections to various families of integer partitions arise.   

Finally, we expand on work by Linusson and Verkama (2025) on almost decomposable permutations to determine a broad family of sets containing 1324 that are inversion monotone under the assumption n ≥ (k + 7)/2. The method yields an enumeration of the {1324, 1342}-avoiding permutations of length n with k inversions when n ≥ (k + 7)/2.

National Category
Discrete Mathematics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-378949 (URN)
Projects
Inversions in the 1324-avoiding permutations
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2022-03875
Note

QC 20260401

Available from: 2026-03-31 Created: 2026-03-31 Last updated: 2026-04-01Bibliographically approved

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