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Suspended Germanium-on-Silicon Photonic Integrated Circuits Operating in the Long-Wave Infrared and Their Use for Ethanol Sensing
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Micro and Nanosystems.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4949-166X
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electronics and Embedded Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6705-1660
Photonics Communications Research Laboratory, National Technical University of Athens, Athens 15773, Greece.
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Micro and Nanosystems.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0525-8647
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2026 (English)In: ACS Photonics, E-ISSN 2330-4022, Vol. 13, no 9, p. 2637-2644Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Germanium-based integrated photonics is gaining attention due to its potential for mid-infrared wavelength applications, including environmental sensing, industrial gas monitoring, defense, and security. However, current germanium-on-silicon platforms face significant propagation losses at wavelengths above 8 μm, and gas sensing in this regime using a germanium waveguide has not been demonstrated to date. To address this challenge, we introduce a suspended germanium-on-silicon platform, where an 11 μm deep suspension gap ensures optical mode isolation from the lossy silicon substrate. The waveguide has a low propagation loss of 3.5 dB/cm at a wavelength of 9.2 μm. Furthermore, we demonstrate on-chip ethanol gas sensing in the long-wave infrared range with a detection limit of 925 ppm using this platform. Our method paves the way for extending the operating wavelength range of germanium-on-silicon integrated photonics into the long-wave infrared.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society (ACS) , 2026. Vol. 13, no 9, p. 2637-2644
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-380537DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.6c00154ISI: 001746592800001PubMedID: 42110573Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105037857417OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-380537DiVA, id: diva2:2056848
Note

QC 20260518

Available from: 2026-04-30 Created: 2026-04-30 Last updated: 2026-06-22Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Mid-infrared Integrated Photonic Platforms for On-chip Optical Gas Sensing
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Mid-infrared Integrated Photonic Platforms for On-chip Optical Gas Sensing
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Integrated photonics has emerged as a rapidly advancing field,attracting significant attention for its ability to enable high-speed,energy-efficient, and scalable optical systems. Its unique capabilities make it a prevailing technology in a wide range of emerging applications, including next-generation telecommunications, artificial intelligence infrastructure, quantum computing, and miniaturized environmental sensing platforms. Among the various optical spectral ranges,the mid-infrared range (2-20 µm) holds particular significance for environmental sensing, owing to its rich rotational–vibrational molecular absorption features. Mid-infrared integrated photonics offers advantages over traditional optical gas sensors, including compact size, improved energy efficiency, and the ability to integrate multiple optical functionalities and multi-gas detection on a single platform. Despite the rapid progress of integrated photonics in the near-infrared range, mainly driven by telecommunications applications, the development of mid-infrared integrated photonic platforms has proceeded at a comparatively slower pace.

This thesis aims to develop mid-infrared integrated photonic platforms for gas sensing applications, with a focus on extending the operational wavelength range, integrating light sources and photodetectors, and ensuring compatibility with existing silicon photonics infrastructure. The key achievements of this thesis include: (1) the development of silicon-on-insulator and germanium-on-silicon integrated photonic platforms; (2) the integration of graphene-based photothermoelectric photodetectors and thermal emitters; and (3) the demonstration of integrated gas sensing for carbon dioxide, methane,and ethanol. The developed platforms exhibit low propagation losses by leveraging the excellent fabrication quality and unique waveguide designs, while preserving high sensitivity for gas sensing applications. The use of graphene for integrating photodetectors and light sources enables the development of a fully integrated mid-infrared photonic platform based on a single active material, offering broad spectral coverage for diverse gas sensing applications. This thesis establishes a foundation for advancing mid-infrared photonic technologies and exploring emerging applications in this spectral range. It paves the way toward high-performance, scalable, and versatile integrated photonic platforms for gas sensing applications. In addition, the realized platforms can be extended to additional mid-infrared applications, such as free-space optical communication and nonlinear optical studies.

Abstract [sv]

Integrerad fotonik är ett snabbt växande forskningsområde som har väckt stort intresse genom sin förmåga att möjliggöra skalbara och höghastighetsoptiska system med låg energiförbrukning. Dess unika egenskaper har gjort den till en central teknik inom ett brett spektrum av framväxande tillämpningar, såsom bland annat nästa generations telekommunikation, kvantdatorer, miniatyriserade sensorer för miljöövervakning samt infrastruktur för artificiell intelligens.

Bland olika spektralområden är det mellaninfraröda spektralområdet (2-20 µm) av särskild betydelse för miljösensorik, eftersom ett stort antal relevanta molekyler absorberar i detta spektralområde genom rotations och vibrationsövergångar. Integrerad fotonik i mellaninfraröda erbjuder flera fördelar jämfört med traditionella optiska gassensorer, såsom kompakt utformning, förbättrad energieffektivitet samt möjlighet till flergasdetektion genom integrering av flera optiska funktioner på en och samma plattform. Trots de snabba framstegen inom integrerad fotonik i det nära infraröda området, som huvudsakligen har drivits av telekommunikationstillämpningar, har utvecklingen av integrerade fotoniska plattformar i mellaninfraröda skett i en jämförelsevis långsammare takt. Denna avhandling syftar till att utveckla integrerade fotoniska plattformar i mellaninfraröda för tillämpningar inom gassensorik, med fokus på att utöka det operativa våglängdsområdet, integrera ljuskällor och fotodetektorer samt säkerställa kompatibilitet med befintlig infrastruktur för kiselofotonik. Avhandlingens huvudsakliga bidrag omfattar: (1) utveckling av integrerade fotoniska plattformar baserade på kisel på isolator(SOI) och germanium på kisel; (2) integrering av grafenbaserade fototermoelektriska fotodetektorer och termiska emittrar; samt (3) demonstration av integrerad gasdetektering för koldioxid, metan och etanol. De utvecklade plattformarna uppvisar låga utbredningsförluster tack vare hög tillverkningskvalitet och unik vågledardesign,samtidigt som hög känslighet för tillämpningar inom gassensorik bibehålls. Användningen av grafen för att integrera fotodetektorer och ljuskällor möjliggör utvecklingen av en integrerad fotonisk plattform i mellaninfraröda, baserad på ett enda aktivt material, vilket ger bred spektral täckning för tillämpningar inom gassensorikfältet. Denna avhandling lägger grunden för vidare utveckling av fotoniska teknologier i mellaninfraröda och för utforskning av framväxande tillämpningar inom detta spektralområde. Den banar väg för högpresterande, mångsidiga och skalbara integrerade fotoniska plattformar för tillämpningar inom gassensorikfältet. Därutöver kan de utvecklade plattformarna även utvidgas till andra tillämpningar i mellaninfraröda området, såsom optisk kommunikation i frirymd och ickelinjära optiska studier.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. p. xii, 73
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2026:39
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Research subject
Electrical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-380539 (URN)978-91-8106-598-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-06-04, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/68132394359, F3, Lindstedtvägen 26, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
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Note

QC 20260504

Available from: 2026-05-04 Created: 2026-04-30 Last updated: 2026-05-19Bibliographically approved

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Lin, Pen-ShengHellström, Per-ErikNiklaus, FrankGylfason, Kristinn

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