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Sustainability-Navigating Beyond Business as Usual: Elaborating methods and tools to inform sustainability analysis and systemic, forward-looking productivity measures
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering, Strategic Sustainability Studies.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8459-6830
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This thesis, based on six scientific papers, explores analytical tools and methods for expanding society’s natural resource accounting and how systems thinking and future scenarios can be utilised to improve governance towards more sustainable development. The starting point is that traditional analyses frequently omit ecological dimensions, the potential to harness synergies, and they avoid goal conflicts and are often more retrospective than forward-looking.

The papers draw from economic theory, systems ecology, and futures studies. The first three papers contribute to natural resource accounting and capital theory and show how sustainability goals and their mutual interactions can be visualised and used to identify and prioritise synergies and goal conflicts. The latter three papers develop and apply qualitative normative backcasting scenarios, as well as tools and methods to illustrate them quantitatively and use them for policy analysis. The scenarios’ post-growth orientation, which focuses on social and ecological societal objectives rather than economic development, enables the analysis to be broadened to include policy instruments for achieving sustainable development beyond those traditionally discussed. By combining these perspectives, the thesis enables a more systemic and future-oriented approach to analysing sustainability issues.

The six papers in the thesis employ a broad range of methods to investigate sustainability-related resource accounting, interdependencies among sustainability goals, scenario planning, and policy analysis. Quantitative and qualitative methods are combined, where traditional literature reviews and economic valuation methods are complemented by network theory, expert assessments, workshops, and interviews. The methods are used to describe and quantify relationships among sustainability factors related to environment, economy, and society. In the latter papers, backcasting is also used to explore sustainable alternative futures beyond the economically oriented growth paradigm, and—as in article—identify which policy areas and proposals can facilitate progress towards sustainability goals. A common feature is the demonstration of how empirical data and forward-looking scenarios can be used alongside various academic disciplines and stakeholders to address the complexity of sustainability challenges and produce more applicable and legitimate research outcomes. 

The six papers in the thesis collectively address research gaps identified in the academic fields concerning the analysis of society’s resource use in relation to a more sustainable development, and how quantitative and qualitative methods can be improved and used to jointly make such sustainability analyses more systemic and forward-looking. 

By responding to the two overarching research questions—RQ1: How can integrated extended resource accounting be set up and leveraged to provide comprehensive decision support for sustainability governance? and RQ2: How can backcasting scenarios be used to qualitatively and quantitatively illustrate and analyse policy options for sustainable futures?—the six papers address the identified research gaps and thereby jointly provide contributions to bridging the disconnect between theoretical frameworks and practical decision-making. Answering RQ1, Papers 1 to 3 illustrate how assessments and analyses of quantitative ecosystem services, the concept of critical natural capital, and Sustainability Goals interdependency can enable comprehensive decision support. Addressing RQ2, by constructing and using backcasting scenarios Papers 4 to 6 illustrate how participatory methods and expanded quantitative models can be used to envision and assess policy options for sustainable futures, helping identify robust, multi-objective policies and strategies.

Concerning the first research question about integrated extended resource accounting, paper 1 contributed more comprehensive and detailed data into integrated resource accounting by extending quantitative methods to encompass a wider range of ecosystem services into forest accounting. Paper 2 added more analytical depth to the novel concept of critical natural capital, emphasising the resilience aspects of the regulatory and support ecosystem services, which act as insurance not only for ecosystem functions but also for human needs. 

Concerning the second research question about illustrating sustainable futures and policy analysis, Papers 4 to 6 focus on post-growth backcasting scenario construction and on developing methodologies for illustrating them quantitatively and testing how they could be used to ex-ante test policy robustness assessments. The contributions of Paper 4 concern how decision-makers can envision alternative post-growth futures, moving beyond business-as-usual trajectories and instead aiming to fulfil multi-faceted social and environmental goals, in which the post-growth focus and the multi-goal fulfilment were the novel aspects. The contributions of Paper 5 concern the expansion of the IPAT identity model used to describe the different scenarios and their goal fulfilment, where the technology-factor expansion included not only energy aspects but also novel material intensity and material circularity aspects, and a novel affluence-factor expansion deconstructing the GDP-per-capita-proxy into its labour and capital input-components, also introducing a capital-utilisation-term, allowing for the analysis of new policy options. Paper 6 contributed a new elaboration of policy robustness testing, using the scenarios and two workshop designs for ex-ante policy robustness assessments. Altogether, the thesis’ six papers strengthen cumulative research knowledge by expanding tools and methods which allow for more systemic, forward-looking, and integrated approaches that can bridge the gap between theory and application.

Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling bygger på sex vetenskapliga artiklar och undersöker hur samhället kan förbättra sitt arbete med hållbar utveckling. Fokus ligger på att utveckla metoder för att utvidga naturresursredovisningen samt att använda systemtänkande och framtidsscenarier för att stärka samhällsstyrning. En central utgångspunkt är att traditionella analyser ofta är mer bakåtblickande än framåtblickande och inte i tillräcklig utsträckning integrerar ekologiska dimensioner eller fångar möjligheten att både utnyttja synergier och undvika målkonflikter.

Avhandlingen besvarar två övergripande forskningsfrågor:

Hur en utvidgad och integrerad resursredovisning kan utformas och användas för att ge mer heltäckande beslutsstöd för hållbarhetsstyrning. Hur backcasting-scenarier kan användas för att kvalitativt och kvantitativt illustrera och analysera policyalternativ för hållbara framtider. De viktigaste bidragen i avhandlingen är:

att inkludera fler typer av ekosystemtjänster i utvidgade naturresursräkenskaper, att identifiera vilka av dessa som utgör kritiskt naturkapital, att utveckla metoder för att identifiera och storleksordningsbestämma synergier och målkonflikter mellan hållbarhetsmål, samt att utveckla hållbarhetsmålsuppfyllande scenarier, och med deras hjälp ta fram policyförslag, inklusive metoder för att i förväg bedöma deras robusthet. De sex artiklarna bidrar, vid tidpunkten då de skrevs och publicerades, till att besvara forskningsfrågor inom dessa områden. Artiklarna utgår från ekonomisk teori, system-ekologi och framtidsstudier. De tre första artiklarna fokuserar på naturresursredovisning och kapitalteori, inklusive vidareutveckling av utvidgad kapitalteori. De visar hur hållbarhetsmål påverkar varandra, särskilt inom Agenda 2030 och dess delmål. De introducerar också metoder för att identifiera och analysera synergier och målkonflikter, vilket ger bättre underlag för strategisk planering och policyutveckling.

Den första artikeln inkluderar fler ekosystemtjänster i monetära skogsräkenskaper och ger därmed mer omfattande och detaljerade data. Den andra artikeln fördjupar begreppet kritiskt naturkapital genom att koppla det till resiliens, vilket tydliggör vilka naturresurser som är avgörande att bevara. Den tredje artikeln introducerar metoder, bland annat baserade på nätverksteori, för att systematiskt kartlägga kopplingar mellan hållbarhetsmål och deras delmål.

De tre senare artiklarna fokuserar på framtiden och använder kvalitativa normativa backcasting-scenarier. Dessa utgår från önskvärda framtider och analyserar vilka förändringar som krävs för att nå dem. Scenarierna har en tydlig ”post-growth”-inriktning, där mål bortom ekonomisk tillväxt står i centrum. Det breddar vilka policyverktyg som kan analyseras jämfört med traditionella angreppssätt.

I dessa artiklar utvecklas också metoder för att kvantitativt beskriva scenarierna och använda dem i policyanalys. IPAT-modellen vidareutvecklas genom att teknologi-faktorn delas upp för att kunna omfatta såväl energiaspekter, materialintensitet som materialcirkularitet. Samtidigt bryts välståndsbegreppet ned från BNP per capita till arbets- och kapitalinsatser samt en separat komponent för kapitalutnyttjande. Detta gör det möjligt att analysera nya typer av policyalternativ och deras effekter.

Scenarierna används även för ex-ante-testning av policyrobusthet, där framtida osäkerheter beaktas innan beslut fattas. Detta sker bland annat genom särskilt utformade workshops och expertbedömningar, vilket stärker kopplingen mellan analys och praktiskt beslutsfattande.

Metodmässigt kombinerar avhandlingen kvantitativa och kvalitativa angreppssätt. Den förenar litteraturstudier och ekonomiska värderingsmetoder med nätverksteori, expertbedömningar, workshops och intervjuer. Metoderna används för att beskriva och kvantifiera samband mellan miljö, ekonomi och samhälle. Ett genomgående drag är att kombinera empiriska data med framtidsscenarier samt att involvera både olika akademiska discipliner och samhällsaktörer. Detta gör det möjligt att bättre fånga komplexiteten i hållbarhetsutmaningar och ta fram mer tillämpbara och legitima resultat.

I avhandlingens diskussionsdel integreras dessa perspektiv och jämförs med liknande tvärvetenskaplig hållbarhetsforskning. Resultaten förstärker tidigare forskningsinsikter om vikten av att integrera ekologiska och andra hållbarhetsfaktorer i beslutsunderlag och vidareutvecklar metoder för hur detta kan göras i praktiken. 

Sammantaget minskar avhandlingen gapet mellan teoretiska ramverk och praktiskt beslutsfattande. Den gör det genom att kombinera utvidgad resursredovisning med framtidsinriktad scenario- och policyanalys, vilket möjliggör mer systemiska, heltäckande och framåtblickande angreppssätt för hållbarhetsstyrning. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. , p. 120
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2617
Keywords [en]
extended resource accounting including ecosystem services, capital theory including critical natural capital and SDG interdependencies, scenario analysis including post-growth multi-sustainability goal backcasting, extended IPAT-identity-factorisation, and ex-ante policy robustness testing
Keywords [sv]
Utökad resursredovisning som inkluderar ekosystemtjänster, kapitalteori som omfattar kritiskt naturkapital och inbördes beroenden mellan de globala hållbarhetsmålen (SDG), scenarioanalys som inkluderar post‑tillväxt‑inriktad backcasting för flera hållbarhetsmål, utökad IPAT‑identitetsfaktorisering och ex‑ante‑testning av policys robusthet
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Research subject
Planning and Decision Analysis, Strategies for sustainable development
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-380569ISBN: 978-91-8106-633-3 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-380569DiVA, id: diva2:2057184
Public defence
2026-06-05, Q2, Malvinas Väg 10, KTH Campus, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/62096578154, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20260505

Available from: 2026-05-05 Created: 2026-05-04 Last updated: 2026-05-05Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Monetary forestry accounting including environmental goods and services
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Monetary forestry accounting including environmental goods and services
2001 (English)In: Forest Systems, ISSN 2171-5068, E-ISSN 2171-9845, Vol. 10, no 3, p. 7-26Article in journal (Other academic) Published
Abstract [en]

There is substantial current interest in expanding accounting systems, such that they include services appropriated from the ecological systems. Much of this activity has focused upon forest resources; there are currently more than 100 «green» forest accounting studies, covering many different countries. This paper provides a view of some theoretical and empirical issues on «green» forest accounting. It discusses some issues in calculating «true» income from forests, as well as the measurement problems that arise when valuing non-priced services. It also reviews recent efforts at EUROSTAT and includes a detailed illustration of a comprehensive official Swedish application on «green» forest accounting. The paper concludes by arguing that future work on green forest accounting should be directed towards tying together theory and practice to a even larger extent than what is currently the case.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Editorial CSIC, 2001
National Category
Social Sciences
Research subject
Economics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-380545 (URN)10.5424/731 (DOI)
Note

QC 20260504

Available from: 2026-05-03 Created: 2026-05-03 Last updated: 2026-05-04Bibliographically approved
2. The critical natural capital of ecosystem performance as insurance for human well-being
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The critical natural capital of ecosystem performance as insurance for human well-being
2003 (English)In: Ecological Economics, ISSN 0921-8009, E-ISSN 1873-6106, Vol. 44, no 2-3, p. 205-217Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Complex dynamic ecosystems are important natural capital assets. We investigate how Swedish national policy has approached these assets in its work on environmental indicators. In particular, we are interested in whether or not the indicators address ecosystem performance. We discuss our inventory of Swedish indicators in the context of ecosystem services, such as source and sink functions, and the capacity of ecosystems to sustain these functions for human well-being. We find that effective indicators have been developed to reflect energy and material flows within society and how human activities put pressure on the environment. The part of natural capital that concerns living systems is reflected in several of the Swedish indicators in a progressive fashion, but indicators that capture the dynamic capacity of ecosystems in sustaining the flow of source and sink functions need to be further developed. We provide examples of recent developments that have started to address such indicators in the context of ecosystem resilience and environmental change, and discuss directions for their further development. We stress the importance of monitoring ecosystem resilience and performance to avoid undesirable state shifts and building ecological knowledge and understanding of this capacity into environmental indicators and their associated management institutions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2003
National Category
Social Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-380546 (URN)10.1016/s0921-8009(02)00274-4 (DOI)000181781200004 ()2-s2.0-0037348349 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20260504

Available from: 2026-05-03 Created: 2026-05-03 Last updated: 2026-05-04Bibliographically approved
3. Towards systemic and contextual priority setting for implementing the 2030 Agenda
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Towards systemic and contextual priority setting for implementing the 2030 Agenda
2018 (English)In: Sustainability Science, ISSN 1862-4065, E-ISSN 1862-4057, Vol. 13, no 2, p. 531-548Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

How the sustainable development goals (SDGs) interact with each other has emerged as a key question in the implementation of the 2030 Agenda, as it has potentially strong implications for prioritization of actions and their effectiveness. So far, analysis of interactions has been very basic, typically starting from one SDG, counting the number of interactions, and discussing synergies and trade-offs from the perspective of that issue area. This paper pushes the frontier of how interactions amongst SDG targets can be understood and taken into account in policy and planning. It presents an approach to assessing systemic and contextual interactions of SDG targets, using a typology for scoring interactions in a cross-impact matrix and using network analysis techniques to explore the data. By considering how a target interacts with another target and how that target in turn interacts with other targets, results provide a more robust basis for priority setting of SDG efforts. The analysis identifies which targets have the most and least positive influence on the network and thus guides, where efforts may be directed (and not); where strong positive and negative links sit, raising warning flags to areas requiring extra attention; and how targets that reinforce each others' progress cluster, suggesting where important cross-sectoral collaboration between actors is merited. How interactions play out is context specific and the approach is tested on the case of Sweden to illustrate how priority setting, with the objective to enhance progress across all 17 SDGs, might change if systemic impacts are taken into consideration.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2018
Keywords
2030 Agenda, Sustainable development goals (SDG), Systems analysis, Network analysis, Policy coherence
National Category
Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-225074 (URN)10.1007/s11625-017-0470-0 (DOI)000426807800022 ()30147787 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85047651653 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Sida - Swedish International Development Cooperation AgencyMistra - The Swedish Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research, Mistra Geopolitics
Note

QC 20180328

Available from: 2018-03-28 Created: 2018-03-28 Last updated: 2026-05-04Bibliographically approved
4. Scenarios for sustainable futures beyond GDP growth 2050
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Scenarios for sustainable futures beyond GDP growth 2050
Show others...
2019 (English)In: Futures: The journal of policy, planning and futures studies, ISSN 0016-3287, E-ISSN 1873-6378, Vol. 111, p. 1-14Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The idea of continued economic growth is increasingly questioned and critically analysed on the basis of its potential negative sustainability impact. Along with the critique, visions and strategies for alternative systems need also be brought onto the agenda. The aim of this paper is to present the qualitative content of scenarios that explore sustainability strategies for the Swedish society when economic growth is not seen as an end in itself, and instead the objective is other values/targets that society might wish to achieve. Multi-target backcasting scenarios are developed that illustrate future states in which four sustainability targets (climate, land use, participation, and resource security) are to be attained. The focus of these four scenarios is: 1) a Collaborative economy, 2) Local self-sufficiency, 3) Automation for quality of life, and 4) Circular economy in the welfare state. In the paper, we also present the process of the development of the scenarios, and feedback from stakeholders. Although the focus is on Sweden, the process and scenarios may also be relevant for other similar countries. The scenarios are discussed in terms of their relevance and their purpose, the fulfilment of the sustainability targets, and the multi-target approach.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2019
Keywords
Multi-target, Sustainability targets, Backcasting, Scenarios, Beyond growth
National Category
Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-257561 (URN)10.1016/j.futures.2019.05.001 (DOI)000478703800001 ()2-s2.0-85066049333 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20190925

Available from: 2019-09-25 Created: 2019-09-25 Last updated: 2026-05-04Bibliographically approved
5. Expanding the IPAT identity to quantify backcasting sustainability scenarios
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Expanding the IPAT identity to quantify backcasting sustainability scenarios
2021 (English)In: Futures & Foresight Science, ISSN 2573-5152, Vol. 4, no 2, article id e116Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper builds on four qualitative backcasting scenarios that illustrate sustainable futures in a Swedish setting. The paper complements the originally qualitative scenarios by developing an eight‐step modified and expanded IPAT model—originally describing environmental impact as a product of population, affluence, and technology—that also enables quantitative descriptions of the scenarios. The modified and expanded IPAT model is used to show how the scenarios can stay within the climate aspect of sustainability. The result is quantified descriptions of the development paths of energyrelated carbon dioxide emissions, working hours, man‐made capital stocks, recycled and nonrecycled materials used, and different types of energy used in the four scenarios. The four main findings are (a) the back‐bone instrument in making the energy system fossilfree will, in all scenarios, substitute fossil energy with renewable energy; (b) however, to succeed with that it is necessary to use different mixes of many complementary climate policy instruments; (c) IPAT models can be modified and expanded in many different ways to act as quantitative descriptions of different technological developments and social changes in scenario exercises; (d) by disregarding gross domestic product as a proxy for affluence, and replacing it with labor and capital, behavioral concepts like sharing and prolonged product lifetimes can more easily be introduced as climate policy options in a modified and expanded IPAT model.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Wiley, 2021
Keywords
backcasting, beyond growth, climate policies, expanding IPAT, quantify scenarios
National Category
Economics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-318317 (URN)10.1002/ffo2.116 (DOI)2-s2.0-85156261379 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas
Note

QC 20220921

Available from: 2022-09-20 Created: 2022-09-20 Last updated: 2026-05-04Bibliographically approved
6. Ex-ante Robustness Testing of Climate Policies using Sustainability Scenarios
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Ex-ante Robustness Testing of Climate Policies using Sustainability Scenarios
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Countries aiming to achieve ambitious greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions targets have a wide range of possible climate policies to choose from. However, the success of different climate policy strategies - measured in terms of effectiveness and efficiency - will vary depending on future societal developments. The study employs a participatory ex-ante climate policy robustness-testing evaluation approach based on scenario analysis, using semi-structured interview workshops in which 35 sustainability experts and climate-policy-interested laymen assessed the effectiveness and efficiency of various climate policy options across four markedly different, yet sustainable, future post-growth scenarios. 

The assessment-results showed that three out of sixteen pre-identified climate policy options demonstrate robust effectiveness and socio-economic efficiency across all four sustainability scenarios, thus qualifying as "no-regret" policies. These options comprise the imposition of taxes on climate-relevant activities, targeted investment in timber-based construction industries, and investment in bio-chemical refineries. The remaining thirteen policy options were found to exhibit diminished effectiveness and efficiency within certain scenarios, notably the more decentralised ones.

Allowing experts to ex-ante assess potential policies in scenario-based future settings can inform policymakers and facilitate agreement on which policies that could perform well across various futures and thus potentially form the backbone of a long-term policy portfolio strategy.

Keywords
scenario planning, backcasting scenarios, greenhouse gas emissions, policy robustness testing, climate policy portfolio
National Category
Social Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-380548 (URN)
Projects
Bortom BNP / Beyond GDP
Note

Submitted to journal

QC 20260504

Available from: 2026-05-03 Created: 2026-05-03 Last updated: 2026-05-04Bibliographically approved

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