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Open Modelling for Robust and Transparent Climate and Energy Policymaking
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Energy Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6591-3028
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Sustainable development
SDG 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions, SDG 13: Climate action, SDG 17: Partnerships for the goals
Abstract [en]

With the increasing impact of climate change on our societies and the environment, there is urgent need for ambitious mitigation actions to ensure the effective implementation of the Paris Agreement. However, the current climate change regime is struggling with issues of trust and lack of transparency in its implementation process. Particularly, Low- and Midde- Income Countries (LMICs) have difficulties in defining realistic targets for their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and assessing robust strategies towards their implementation.

Quantitative models that focus on the integrated analysis of different resource systems, such as Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs), provide an important resource to conduct evidence-based analysis that can inform on possible technological pathways and enabling policies to achieve decarbonisation. However, their application to assessing mitigation strategies makes them subject to the deep uncertainties affecting the climate change problem, thus impacting the robustness and reliability of the results they deliver. In addition, their development has turned increasingly towards higher modelling detail and complexity, thus increasing the computational requirements needed to solve a model and hampering their ability to conduct scenario discovery analysis.

Open science is becoming a key approach to support more robust and transparent decision-making processes that can benefit society. Within the field of energy and resource systems planning, open-source tools and open data are becoming increasingly common as they facilitate more transparency and collaboration across stakeholders and decision-makers involved in the process. Thanks to their lower entry barriers, they offer access to knowledge and resources that otherwise would not be affordable particularly in developing countries where they are most needed, thus enabling locally driven context specific analysis. However, human and technical resources and capacity are currently lacking to ensure the uptake of open-source tools and open data and their related practices in LMICs.

To address these challenges and to enable more robust, transparent and accountable climate change policymaking, this doctoral thesis aims to critically examine the role of open-source tools and open data in supporting effective climate change mitigation action. Paper I and paper II illustrate the effectiveness of an open-source, highly aggregated, computationally lightweight techno-economic IAM to conduct scenario discovery analysis and assess robust climate change mitigation policies. Paper III follows by addressing the need for transparent and accountable NDCs for the implementation of the Paris Agreement, by developing a framework that relies on open-source tools and open data practices and resources to build self-sustaining capacity, particularly in LMICs, and enable locally driven quantitative and evidence-based analysis to support the NDCs development and implementation process. Finally, paper IV provides a first assessment of possible context-specific barriers and opportunities to the uptake of open science practices in support of long-term planning and policymaking efforts, particularly in Kenya as an example of LMIC where open resources might be most beneficial.

The thesis findings highlight that open-source tools and open data are well positioned to deliver robust, transparent and accountable insights to support climate change mitigation efforts and the implementation of the Paris Agreement. However, the incremental adaptation and implementation of open science practices to the delivery of robust and transparent climate change policies is bound to the local social, cultural, and political context defining the political economy of a country. This is illustrated by the case of Kenya’s energy data management and governance, where issues such as lack of trust among stakeholders and within society, as well as the lack of clear directives and guidance at the institutional level, challenge the adoption of common protocols in support of the energy planning process. Therefore, open science resources and practices need to be adapted to provide incremental degrees of openness and transparency that are respectful of the context in which they are to be applied, while allowing to gradually develop with it towards higher levels of openness.

Abstract [sv]

Med klimatförändringarnas ökande inverkan på våra samhällen och miljön finns det ett akut behov av ambitiösa åtgärder för att säkerställa ett effektivt genomförande av Parisavtalet. Den nuvarande klimatförändringsordningen kämpar dock med förtroendeproblem och bristande transparens i sin implementeringsprocess. Särskilt låg- och medelinkomstländer har svårt att definiera realistiska mål för sina nationellt fastställda bidrag (NDC) och att bedöma robusta strategier för deras genomförande.

Kvantitativa modeller som fokuserar på integrerad analys av olika resurssystem, såsom integrerade bedömningsmodeller (IAM), utgör en viktig resurs för att genomföra evidensbaserad analys som kan informera om möjliga tekniska vägar och möjliggöra strategier för att uppnå minskade koldioxidutsläpp. Deras tillämpning för att bedöma begränsningsstrategier gör dem dock föremål för de djupa osäkerheter som påverkar klimatförändringsproblemet, vilket påverkar robustheten och tillförlitligheten hos de resultat de levererar. Dessutom har deras utveckling i allt högre grad vänt sig mot högre modelleringsdetaljer och komplexitet, vilket ökar de beräkningskrav som krävs för att lösa en modell och hämmar deras förmåga att genomföra scenarioanalyser.

Öppen vetenskap håller på att bli en viktig metod för att stödja mer robusta och transparenta beslutsprocesser som kan gynna samhället. Inom området energi- och resurssystemplanering blir verktyg med öppen källkod och öppna data allt vanligare eftersom de underlättar mer transparens och samarbete mellan intressenter och beslutsfattare som är involverade i processen. Tack vare sina lägre inträdesbarriärer erbjuder de tillgång till kunskap och resurser som annars inte skulle vara överkomliga, särskilt i utvecklingsländer där de behövs som mest, vilket möjliggör lokalt driven kontextspecifik analys. Det saknas dock för närvarande mänskliga och tekniska resurser och kapacitet för att säkerställa införandet av verktyg med öppen källkod och öppna data och deras relaterade metoder i låg- och medelinkomstländer.

För att hantera dessa utmaningar och möjliggöra en mer robust, transparent och ansvarsfull klimatpolitisk syftar denna doktorsavhandling till att kritiskt undersöka rollen av verktyg med öppen källkod och öppna data för att stödja effektiva åtgärder för att begränsa klimatförändringar. Artikel I och artikel II illustrerar effektiviteten hos en öppen källkod, mycket aggregerad, beräkningsmässigt lätt teknisk-ekonomisk IAM för att genomföra scenarioanalys och bedöma robusta klimatpolitiker. Artikel III tar upp behovet av transparenta och ansvarstagande nationella utvecklingsländer (NDC) för genomförandet av Parisavtalet, genom att utveckla ett ramverk som bygger på verktyg med öppen källkod och metoder och resurser för öppna data för att bygga självförsörjande kapacitet, särskilt i låg- och medelinkomstländer (LMIC), och möjliggör lokalt driven kvantitativ och evidensbaserad analys för att stödja utvecklings- och implementeringsprocessen för NDC. Slutligen ger artikel IV en första bedömning av möjliga kontextspecifika hinder och möjligheter för införandet av öppen vetenskap till stöd för långsiktig planering och beslutsfattande, särskilt i Kenya som ett exempel på låg- och medelinkomstländer där öppna resurser kan vara mest fördelaktiga.

Avhandlingens resultat belyser att verktyg med öppen källkod och öppna data är väl positionerade för att leverera robusta, transparenta och ansvarstagande insikter för att stödja insatser för att begränsa klimatförändringarna och genomförandet av Parisavtalet. Den stegvisa anpassningen och implementeringen av metoder med öppen vetenskap för att genomföra robust och transparent klimatpolitisk är dock bunden till det lokala sociala, kulturella och politiska sammanhanget som definierar ett lands politiska ekonomi. Detta illustreras av fallet med Kenyas energidatahantering och styrning, där problem som bristande förtroende bland intressenter och inom samhället, samt bristen på tydliga direktiv och vägledning på institutionell nivå, utmanar antagandet av gemensamma protokoll till stöd för energiplaneringsprocessen. Därför måste resurser och metoder för öppen vetenskap anpassas för att ge stegvisa grader av öppenhet och transparens som respekterar det sammanhang i vilket de ska tillämpas, samtidigt som de möjliggör en gradvis utveckling mot högre nivåer av öppenhet.

NyckelordIntegrated Assessment Modelling; öppen vetenskap; öppen källkod; öppna

data; klimatförändring; CLEWs; kapacitetsuppbyggnad; energisystem; LMICs;

Kenya.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. , p. 121
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2026:11
Keywords [en]
Integrated Assessment Modelling, open science, open-source tools, open data, policymaking, climate change, CLEWs, capacity building, energy systems, LMICs, Kenya.
National Category
Energy Systems Climate Science Environmental Management
Research subject
Energy Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-379965ISBN: 978-91-8106-599-2 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-379965DiVA, id: diva2:2057327
Public defence
2026-06-01, F3 / https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/61796019950, Lindstedtsvägen 26 & 28, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020, 689150
Note

This work was supported also by the Climate Compatible Growth (CCG) programme, funded by the UK’s Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office. However, the views expressed herein do not necessarily reflect the UK government’s official policies. 

Available from: 2026-05-07 Created: 2026-05-04 Last updated: 2026-06-29Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. The Global Least-cost User-friendly CLEWs Open-Source Exploratory model
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The Global Least-cost User-friendly CLEWs Open-Source Exploratory model
Show others...
2021 (English)In: Environmental Modelling & Software, ISSN 1364-8152, E-ISSN 1873-6726, Vol. 143, article id 105091Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) are important tools to analyse cross-sectoral interdependencies and the use of global resources. Most current tools are highly detailed and require expert knowledge and proprietary software to generate scenarios and analyse their insights. In this paper, the complementary Global Least-cost User-friendly CLEWs Open-Source Exploratory (GLUCOSE) model is presented as a highly-aggregated global IAM, open and accessible from source to solver and using the OSeMOSYS tool and the CLEWs framework. The model enables the exploration of policy measures on the future development of the integrated resource system. Thanks to its relatively simple structure, it requires low computational resources allowing for the generation of a large number of scenarios or to quickly conduct preliminary investigations. GLUCOSE is targeted towards education and training purposes by a range of interested parties, from students to stakeholders and decision-makers, to explore possible future pathways towards the sustainable management of global resources.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2021
Keywords
CLEWs, OSeMOSYS, Integrated Assessment Modelling, Sustainable Development, Education
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Research subject
Energy Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-296644 (URN)10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.105091 (DOI)000685502800003 ()2-s2.0-85109539942 (Scopus ID)
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020, 689150
Note

QC 20210802

Available from: 2021-06-10 Created: 2021-06-10 Last updated: 2026-05-04Bibliographically approved
2. Scenario discovery approach to assess robust pathways for climate change mitigation: a GLUCOSE application
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Scenario discovery approach to assess robust pathways for climate change mitigation: a GLUCOSE application
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

It is critical to identify robust strategies to mitigate global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in line with the Paris Agreement. This entails dealing with deep uncertainties characterising the social, economic, and environmental systems impacted by climate change. Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) are established tools used to support decision-making within climate change mitigation. However, most cost-minimisation IAMs are computationally intensive and therefore ill-suited to explore uncertainties. The Global Least-cost User friendly CLEWs Open-Source Exploratory (GLUCOSE) model provides a complementary approach. While representing key interdependencies between energy, land and food and materials sectors, its highly aggregated structure, low computational requirements, and open-source nature allow GLUCOSE to be used for uncertainty analysis.

This study provides a first application of the scenario discovery approach to techno-economic, cost-minimisation IAMs, taking advantage of the GLUCOSE model key features. It uses the Sobol sampling method to propagate parametric uncertainties in costs, demands, efficiencies, availability and emission pathways through the GLUCOSE model. It then applies the Patient Rule Induction Method (PRIM) algorithm to assess the impact of uncertain input parameters on model results to understand what insights the model can yield in identifying robust mitigation pathways and inform the policymaking process. The results show that multi sectoral approaches are needed to achieve decarbonisation. Direct Air Capture technology is key in ensuring low GHG emissions futures, followed by investments in renewable and nuclear energy. Low-carbon industries also yield significant mitigation potential, but more accurate techno-economic data are needed to characterise technology options. Results also highlight significant challenges in finding mitigation pathways that are realistic and feasible in relation to current penetration rates and development trends of key low-carbon technologies. Finally, this study provides a set of open-source software components for future scenario discovery applications of energy- or integrated resource systems models developed using the Open- Source energy MOdelling System (OSeMOSYS).

Keywords
Integrated Assessment Modelling, climate change mitigation, deep uncertainty, scenario discovery, OSeMOSYS, GLUCOSE.
National Category
Energy Systems Climate Science
Research subject
Energy Technology; Environmental Engineering; Industrial Engineering and Management
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-379964 (URN)
Projects
Mitacs Globalink Research AwardClimate Compatible Growth Programme
Note

Manuscript currently under review in IOP journal of Environmental Research Communications.

QC 20260504

Available from: 2026-05-03 Created: 2026-05-03 Last updated: 2026-05-04Bibliographically approved
3. Open science practices for better NDCs: Supporting transparent and accountable climate mitigation action
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Open science practices for better NDCs: Supporting transparent and accountable climate mitigation action
2026 (English)In: PLOS Climate, E-ISSN 2767-3200, Vol. 5, no 2, article id e0000839Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are key documents providing the starting point for increasingly ambitious ‘pledge-and-review’ cycles leading to the implementation of the Paris Agreement. However, current NDCs often lack consistent and transparent targets and indicators to ensure their in-country realisation and their monitoring, tracking, and reporting in compliance with the current climate change regime. This is particularly true for developing countries, where resources and capacity to define and implement climate action plans are still largely lacking among practitioners. To tackle this problem, this essay proposes a framework for NDCs development focusing on the practitioners’ – i.e., modellers and expert analysts – uptake of open science practices, particularly concerning open-source tools and open data, via capacity-building initiatives as a first step towards transparent and accountable NDCs delivery and implementation to the benefit of national and international climate governance. The framework is applied to the case study of Costa Rica, to test its relevance and applicability.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2026
National Category
Ecology Political Science (Excluding Peace and Conflict Studies)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-377624 (URN)10.1371/journal.pclm.0000839 (DOI)001688828500002 ()2-s2.0-105029951497 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20260305

Available from: 2026-03-05 Created: 2026-03-05 Last updated: 2026-05-04Bibliographically approved
4. Data governance and open science in energy planning: A case study of the Kenyan ecosystem
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Data governance and open science in energy planning: A case study of the Kenyan ecosystem
2024 (English)In: Energy Research & Social Science, ISSN 2214-6296, E-ISSN 2214-6326, Vol. 118, article id 103821Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

There is growing recognition of the need for openness in the governance and management of long-term energy systems planning, including improving data accessibility to inform the planning process. Open data principles offer a way to manage and govern this process more collaboratively and transparently, but they are challenging to implement particularly in resource-constrained and decentralised planning contexts like low- and middle-income countries. For this reason, this paper assesses the viability of open data practices for enhancing transparency and collaboration in energy planning, using Kenya as a case study. Through qualitative analysis of policy documents and stakeholder interviews, this study evaluates the alignment and divergence between internationally accepted values and principles of open science and open data and Kenya's energy planning needs. What emerges is a contrasting picture. The results show that, while open approaches to energy data are theoretically promising for addressing current energy data challenges in Kenya, stakeholders show limited agreement or understanding of practical implementation pathways. These findings aim to support Kenyan stakeholders and decision-makers involved in the ongoing long-term planning process under the Integrated National Energy Plan.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ltd, 2024
Keywords
Data governance, Data management, Energy system planning, Kenya, Open data, Open science
National Category
Information Systems Information Systems, Social aspects
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-356320 (URN)10.1016/j.erss.2024.103821 (DOI)001354962700001 ()2-s2.0-85208091056 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20241114

Available from: 2024-11-13 Created: 2024-11-13 Last updated: 2026-05-04Bibliographically approved

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