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Non-linear structural phenomena influencing flutter performance
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Aerospace, moveability and naval architecture.
2026 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Sustainable development
SDG 9: Industry, innovation and infrastructure, SDG 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions
Abstract [en]

This thesis explores the effect of local non-linear phenomena on a structure that can otherwise be described linearly with a high degree of accuracy, with the focus on fuel sloshing in external stores. While it is possible to make high fidelity simulations of these phenomena, they are complex enough that it is not possible in a production environment where thousands of analyses are made. 

Experimental modal analysis of multiple sets of composite wings show manufacturing induced asymmetries, with a significant frequency shift observed in the first bending mode between the left and right wings of one set. These variations caused nominal symmetric and anti-symmetric mode shapes to shift into single wing dominated modes. Tests using a wing-fuel tank system demonstrated that liquid-filled configurations exhibit distinct dynamic behaviors compared to rigid-mass equivalents. At a 50% fill level, a store sway structural mode present in the dry configuration was found to dissipate in the wet configuration. Additionally, the liquid-filled stores were subject to frequency shifts in torsional modes and an increase in overall structural damping. Excitation using robotic motion was evaluated using the same sloshing tank attached to a six-degrees-of-freedom industrial robot, with a focus on achieving chaotic fluid motion. It is shown to be a valid alternative to traditional excitation schemes.

Numerical simulations using individually updated finite element models showed a substantial variation in critical flutter speeds. Configurations utilizing liquid-filled tanks demonstrated higher critical flutter velocities than rigid-filled counterparts due to increased frequency separation between fundamental wing bending and torsion modes. The results indicate that linear models approximating fuel as a frozen mass can lead to an underestimation of critical dynamic pressure. Experimental validation remain essential for ensuring the robustness of analytical flutter predictions.

Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling utforskar effekten av lokala icke-linjära fenomen på en struktur som i övrigt kan beskrivas linjärt med hög noggrannhet, med fokus på bränsleskvalp i externa laster. Trots att högupplösta simuleringar av dessa fenomen är möjliga, är de så komplexa att det inte är möjligt att använda dessa i en skarp produktutvecklingsmiljö där tusentals analyser genomförs.

Experimentell modalanalys av flera uppsättningar kompositvingar uppvisar tillverkningsinducerade asymmetrier, med en signifikant frekvensförskjutning för första böjmoden mellan vingarna i en uppsättning. Dessa variationer orsakade att nominellt symmetriska och antisymmetriska modformer skiftade till moder dominerade av en vinge i taget. Tester av ett vingsystem med bränsletank visade att vätskefyllda konfigurationer uppvisar distinkta beteenden jämfört med motsvarigheter fyllda med stel massa. Vid en fyllnadsgrad på 50 \% i den våta konfigurationen försvann en strukturell mod för sidrörelse (store sway), som fanns i den torra konfigurationen. Dessutom introduceras tydliga frekvensskift och en ökning av strukturell dämpning i torsionsmoder. Excitering med industrirobot utvärderades med samma tank monterad på en robot, med fokus på förmågan att uppnå kaotisk vätskerörelse. Det visas vara ett giltigt alternativ till shakerexcitering.

Numeriska simuleringar med individuellt uppdaterade finita elementmodeller visade på en variation i kritiska fladderhastigheter. Konfigurationer med vätskefyllda tankar uppvisade generellt högre kritiskt dynamiskt tryck än motsvarigheter med stel massa, på grund av en ökad frekvensseparation mellan vingens fundamentala böj- och torsionsmoder. Resultaten indikerar att linjära modeller som approximerar bränsle som en frusen massa, kan leda till en underskattning av kritiskt dynamiskt tryck. Experimentell validering av strukturdynamiska egenskaper är avgörande för att säkerställa robustheten i analytiska fladderprediktioner.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026.
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2026:10
Keywords [en]
aeroelasticity, structural dynamics, sloshing
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Research subject
Aerospace Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-380481ISBN: 978-91-8106-584-8 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-380481DiVA, id: diva2:2057783
Presentation
2026-05-29, Konferensrum Freja, Teknikringen 8, Stockholm, 10:15 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Vinnova, 2024-01310
Note

QC260506

Available from: 2026-05-06 Created: 2026-05-06 Last updated: 2026-05-06Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Ground Vibration Testing and Model Update of a Transonic Flutter Wind Tunnel Model
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Ground Vibration Testing and Model Update of a Transonic Flutter Wind Tunnel Model
2024 (English)In: Proceedings of the 20th International Forum on Aeroelasticity and Structural Dynamics (IFASD), 2024Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This article investigates the structural variability and flutter characteristics of a transonic wind tunnel model. The study evaluates three sets of composite wings, using experimental modal analysis via shaker and impact excitation to extract modal parameters. Significant manufacturing asymmetries were identified, necessitating a high-fidelity model update process, resulting in individually tuned finite element (FE) models. This process utilized optimization, subject to mode shape and eigenfrequencies constraints, to adjust material properties and geometric layup parameters, significantlyimproving the correlation between the FE representations and experimental data. The structural properties of the updated FE models show that manufacturing induced asymmetries impacts the predicted mode shapes and eigenfrequencies, shifting symmetrical mode shapes into unbalanced, single-wing-dominated modes. Flutter analysis demonstrates that these structural variations lead to a substantial spread in critical flutter speeds across different wing combinations. The study concludes that experimental validation is essential for ensuring the robustness of analytical flutter predictions in high-performance aircraft configurations.

Keywords
aeroelasticity, structural dynamics
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Research subject
Aerospace Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-380477 (URN)
Conference
International Forum on Aeroelasticity and Structural Dynamics (IFASD), The Hague, The Netherlands, 17 – 21 June 2024
Note

QC 20260430

Available from: 2026-04-30 Created: 2026-04-30 Last updated: 2026-05-06Bibliographically approved
2. Design and testing of a wing-fuel tank system for fuel-slosh studies
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Design and testing of a wing-fuel tank system for fuel-slosh studies
2026 (English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This article investigates the influence of internal fluid sloshing on the aeroelastic stability of fighter aircraft, addressing the discrepancies between traditional "frozen mass" numerical models and experimental data from fluid-filled external stores. Using a dynamically scaled 1:4 fighter model as a platform, the author developed modular external fuel tanks capable of housing either liquid water or 3D-printed rigid mass equivalents. The rigid inserts were engineered to match the static inertial properties of the fluid, thereby isolating the purely hydrodynamic effects of sloshing.

The experimental results show that the effect is characterized by pronounced frequency shifts in torsional modes and dissipation of a "store sway" structural mode. When these experimental parameters were integrated into flutter prediction models using linear unsteady aerodynamics, the "wet" (liquid-filled) configurations demonstrated a higher critical flutter velocity compared to the "dry" (rigid) counterparts, primarily due to increased frequency separation between the fundamental wing bending and torsion modes.

Keywords
aeroelasticity, structural dynamics, sloshing
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-380478 (URN)
Conference
The 21st International Forum on Aeroelasticity and Structural Dynamics (IFASD)
Funder
Vinnova, 2024-01310
Note

QC 20260430

Available from: 2026-04-30 Created: 2026-04-30 Last updated: 2026-05-06Bibliographically approved
3. Sloshing tests using a six degrees-of-freedom robot
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Sloshing tests using a six degrees-of-freedom robot
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This study investigates the dynamic effects of fluid sloshing on structural responses, specifically targeting the complex regimes of large-wave and chaotic motion. A novel experimental setup was developed utilizing a six degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) industrial robot to provide high-amplitude, repeatable structural movements. The setup features an additively manufactured tank mounted via an underwing pylon on the robot, equipped with sensors for force and acceleration, and supplemented by a high-resolution motion capture system to track the interaction between the liquid payload and the containing structure across all axes.

The experimental results demonstrate that the robotic excitation successfully induced large-amplitude sloshing, providing clearer insights into the dissipative and inertial effects of fluid motion. Data collected from the load cell, accelerometers and motion capture systems show distinct low-frequency sloshing signals and higher-frequency structural responses, though challenges remained regarding synchronization between the measurement systems, and the sensitivity of the load cell. The findings suggest that while the 6-DOF robotic motion method is a promising tool for simulating complex fluid-structure interactions, future iterations can utilize larger payloads and varied liquid viscosities to further enhance the resolution and applicability of the damping data.

Keywords
structural dynamics, sloshing
National Category
Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-380480 (URN)
Funder
Vinnova, 2024-01310
Note

QC 20260430

Available from: 2026-04-30 Created: 2026-04-30 Last updated: 2026-05-06Bibliographically approved

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