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State-Based Characterisation of Quantum Matter: Local Topological Markers, Quantum Transport in Nanowires, and Quantum Nonstabiliserness
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Condensed Matter Theory.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4281-9861
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Condensed matter physics studies how many quantum particles, when brought together, conspire to give rise to collective behaviours that are far richer than those of the individual particles themselves. This is the physics of emergence: the idea that a large system can have properties that are not obvious from its microscopic building blocks alone. The work presented in this thesis explores how to characterise the properties of such many-particle states from three interconnected points of view: topology, quantum transport, and quantum information. The common idea behind these themes is that the properties of quantum matter may be accessed directly from quantum states themselves, without necessarily referring to an underlying Hamiltonian, circuit, or protocol used to generate them.

Symmetry-protected topological phases of matter arise from the impossibility of continuously deforming certain quantum states into others whilst preserving their symmetries. In fermionic quantum matter, the phases resulting from such impossibility are those of topological insulators and superconductors. While having an insulating bulk, these materials possess metallic boundary states robust to perturbations preserving the protecting symmetries of their phase. Mathematically, the topological nature of these materials is characterised by the calculation of topological invariants, integer or half-integer numbers distinguishing between different topological phases. These invariants have been traditionally formulated for crystalline quantum matter, where one may use momentum space to perform mathematical calculations. This thesis focuses instead on characterising the topological phases of noncrystalline matter, which includes disorder and amorphicity. We develop a series of mathematical tools, known as local topological markers, which reformulate traditional topological invariants in real space and are therefore applicable even in the absence of crystallinity. Local topological markers are formulated in terms of the one-particle density matrix, a correlation function that only requires the knowledge of the quantum state in question to be calculated. Thus, the framework for topological characterisation we discuss, which also extends to certain higher-order topological phases, is purely state-based: it does not need to specify any parent Hamiltonian nor protocol used to prepare the quantum state to be characterised.

Contrary to the classical picture of electricity where electrons behave as solid spheres drifting through a wire, the electronic transport through a nanostructure is shaped by quantum effects like tunnelling and interference. Quantum transport studies how these effects determine the conducting properties of mesoscopic samples---those that are neither microscopic nor fully macroscopic, but lie in an intermediate regime. In this thesis, we use quantum transport to study topological insulator nanowires, where the interplay between topology, deviations from crystallinity, and symmetry constraints shape electronic transmission. The characteristic feature of topological nanowires is the appearance of a perfectly transmitted mode when a certain magnetic flux is threaded through the wire's cross section. Varying the magnetic flux interpolates from perfect transmission to situations where electronic interference is enhanced, suppressing transmission. This is seen in the behaviour of conductance, which oscillates as a function of magnetic flux in what is known as Aharanov-Bohm oscillations. The mechanism originating the perfectly transmitted mode in a topological nanowire relies on time-reversal symmetry appearing at specific values of the magnetic flux. In amorphous nanowires,  where time-reversal symmetry may be broken at any magnetic flux, the perfectly transmitted mode loses its protection, and the characteristic conductance oscillations of a topological nanowire may be lost. We study how the perfectly transmitted mode may be protected even when time-reversal symmetry is broken, and relate its loss to a topological phase transition driven by amorphicity.

Entanglement is a distinctive feature of condensed matter systems: the possibility that quantum particles may be correlated in a way that has no classical analogue. Although inherently quantum-mechanical, entanglement alone is not a sufficient ingredient for quantum computation to outperform classical computers. The reason is that there exists a special class of quantum states, stabiliser states, that may be highly entangled whilst admitting an efficient classical representation---calculations involving stabiliser states are tractable in modern-day computers. The deviation of a quantum state from the set of stabiliser states goes by the name of quantum nonstabiliserness or magic, and, in the same way as entanglement, it is not a guarantee of quantum complexity on its own. In this thesis, we develop a method to characterise quantum states that combines entanglement and nonstabiliserness. To do so, we use the framework of the information lattice, whichsystematically decomposes the correlations in a quantum state in terms of their scale---the spatial extent of correlations. Through the information lattice, we distinguish different contributions to the nonstabiliserness content of a quantum state, which may have either a single-particle origin or come from intrinsic many-particle correlations. This framework, which is purely state-based, provides a first step to a fully scale-resolved description of nonstabiliserness and contributes to the characterisation of quantum states in terms of their complexity.

Abstract [sv]

Den kondenserade materiens fysik studerar hur många kvantpartiklar, när de förs samman, samverkar för att ge upphov till kollektiva beteenden som är långt rikare än de hos de enskilda partiklarna själva. Detta är emergensens fysik: idén att ett stort system kan ha egenskaper som inte är uppenbara enbart från dess mikroskopiska byggstenar. Arbetet som presenteras i denna avhandling utforskar hur sådana mångpartikeltillstånd kan karakteriseras från tre sammanlänkade perspektiv: topologi, kvanttransport och kvantinformation. Den gemensamma idén bakom dessa teman är att egenskaperna hos kvantmateria kan nås direkt från kvanttillstånden själva, utan att nödvändigtvis hänvisa till en underliggande Hamiltonian, kvantkrets eller procedur som används för att generera dem.

Symmetriskyddade topologiska faser av materia uppstår ur omöjligheten att kontinuerligt deformera vissa kvanttillstånd till andra samtidigt som deras symmetrier bevaras. I fermionisk kvantmateria är de faser som följer av denna omöjlighet topologiska isolatorer och supraledare. Trots att de har en isolerande bulk har dessa material metalliska randtillstånd som är robusta mot störningar som bevarar fasens skyddande symmetrier. Matematiskt karakteriseras dessa materials topologiska natur genom beräkningen av topologiska invarianter, heltals- eller halvtalsvärden som skiljer mellan olika topologiska faser. Dessa invarianter har traditionellt formulerats för kristallin kvantmateria, där man kan använda momentumrum för att utföra matematiska beräkningar. Denna avhandling fokuserar istället på att karakterisera topologiska faser hos icke-kristallin materia, vilket innefattar oordning och amorfhet. Vi utvecklar en serie matematiska verktyg, kända som lokala topologiska markörer, vilka omformulerar traditionella topologiska invarianter i reellt rum och därför kan användas även i avsaknad av kristallinitet. Lokala topologiska markörer formuleras i termer av enpartikeldensitetsmatrisen, en korrelationsfunktion vars beräkning endast kräver kännedom om det aktuella kvanttillståndet. Det ramverk för topologisk karakterisering som vi diskuterar, och som även utvidgas till vissa topologiska faser av högre ordning, är därmed helt tillståndsbaserat: det behöver varken specificera någon modershamiltonian eller något protokoll som används för att förbereda det kvanttillstånd som ska karakteriseras.

Till skillnad från den klassiska bilden av elektricitet, där elektroner beter sig som solida kulor som driver genom en ledare, formas den elektroniska transporten genom en nanostruktur av kvanteffekter som tunnling och interferens. Kvanttransport studerar hur dessa effekter bestämmer ledningsegenskaperna hos mesoskopiska system---system som varken är mikroskopiska eller helt makroskopiska, utan befinner sig i ett mellanliggande regime. I denna avhandling använder vi kvanttransport för att studera topologiska isolatornanotrådar, där samspelet mellan topologi, avvikelser från kristallinitet och symmetrivillkor formar den elektroniska transmissionen. Det karakteristiska särdraget hos topologiska nanotrådar är uppkomsten av en perfekt transmitterad mod när ett visst magnetiskt flöde träs genom trådens tvärsnitt. Genom att variera det magnetiska flödet interpolerar man från perfekt transmission till situationer där elektronisk interferens förstärks och därmed undertrycker transmissionen. Detta syns i konduktansens beteende, som oscillerar som funktion av det magnetiska flödet i det som kallas Aharonov--Bohm-oscillationer. Mekanismen som ger upphov till den perfekt transmitterade moden i en topologisk nanotråd bygger på att tidsinversionssymmetri uppträder vid specifika värden av det magnetiska flödet. I amorfa nanotrådar, där tidsinversionssymmetri kan vara bruten vid alla magnetiska flöden, förlorar den perfekt transmitterade moden sitt skydd, och de karakteristiska konduktansoscillationerna hos en topologisk nanotråd kan gå förlorade. Vi studerar hur den perfekt transmitterade moden kan skyddas även när tidsinversionssymmetri är bruten, och kopplar dess förlust till en topologisk fasövergång driven av amorfhet.

Sammanflätning är ett utmärkande drag hos system inom den kondenserade materiens fysik: möjligheten att kvantpartiklar kan vara korrelerade på ett sätt som saknar klassisk motsvarighet. Även om sammanflätning är ett inneboende kvantmekaniskt fenomen är det i sig inte en tillräcklig ingrediens för att kvantdatorer ska överträffa klassiska datorer. Anledningen är att det finns en särskild klass av kvanttillstånd, stabilisatortillstånd, som kan vara starkt sammanflätade samtidigt som de medger en effektiv klassisk representation---beräkningar som involverar stabilisatortillstånd är hanterbara med dagens datorer. Avvikelsen hos ett kvanttillstånd från mängden stabilisatortillstånd kallas kvant-icke-stabilisatorhet eller magi, och, på samma sätt som sammanflätning, är den inte ensam en garanti för kvantkomplexitet. I denna avhandling utvecklar vi en metod för att karakterisera kvanttillstånd som kombinerar sammanflätning och icke-stabilisatorhet. För att göra detta använder vi ramverket informationsgittret, som systematiskt bryter ned korrelationerna i ett kvanttillstånd efter deras skala---den rumsliga utsträckningen hos korrelationerna. Genom informationsgittret skiljer vi mellan olika bidrag till icke-stabilisatorinnehållet hos ett kvanttillstånd, vilka antingen kan ha ett enpartikelursprung eller komma från inneboende mångpartikelkorrelationer. Detta helt tillståndsbaserade ramverk utgör ett första steg mot en fullt skalupplöst beskrivning av icke-stabilisatorhet och bidrar till karakteriseringen av kvanttillstånd i termer av deras komplexitet.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. , p. 171
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2026:15
Keywords [en]
Quantum matter, topological phases, local topological markers, quantum transport, topological insulator nanowires, quantum information, quantum nonstabiliserness, information lattice
National Category
Condensed Matter Physics
Research subject
Physics, Theoretical Physics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-381646ISBN: 978-91-8106-640-1 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-381646DiVA, id: diva2:2060889
Public defence
2026-06-15, Pärlan, Albano hus 1, plan 6, Roslagsvägen 26, 114 19, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 2026-05-19

Available from: 2026-05-19 Created: 2026-05-19 Last updated: 2026-05-19Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Local Topological Markers in Odd Spatial Dimensions and Their Applicationto Amorphous Topological Matter br
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Local Topological Markers in Odd Spatial Dimensions and Their Applicationto Amorphous Topological Matter br
2022 (English)In: Physical Review Letters, ISSN 0031-9007, E-ISSN 1079-7114, Vol. 129, no 27, article id 277601Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Local topological markers, topological invariants evaluated by local expectation values, are valuable forcharacterizing topological phases in materials lacking translation invariance. The Chern marker-the Chernnumber expressed in terms of the Fourier transformed Chern character-is an easily applicable local markerin even dimensions, but there are no analogous expressions for odd dimensions. We provide general analyticexpressions for local markers for free-fermion topological states in odd dimensions protected by localsymmetries: aChiral marker, a localZmarker which in case of translation invariance is equivalent to thechiral winding number, and aChern-Simons marker, a localZ2marker characterizing all nonchiral phases inodd dimensions. We achieve this by introducing a one-parameter familyP theta of single-particle densitymatrices interpolating between a trivial state and the state of interest. By interpreting the parameter theta as anadditional dimension, we calculate the Chern marker for the familyP theta. We demonstrate the practical use ofthese markers by characterizing the topological phases of two amorphous Hamiltonians in three dimensions:a topological superconductor (Zclassification) and a topological insulator (Z2classification).

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Physical Society (APS), 2022
National Category
Condensed Matter Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-324050 (URN)10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.277601 (DOI)000912378400008 ()36638300 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85145440329 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20230222

Available from: 2023-02-22 Created: 2023-02-22 Last updated: 2026-05-19Bibliographically approved
2. Interacting local topological markers: A one-particle density matrix approach for characterizing the topology of interacting and disordered states
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Interacting local topological markers: A one-particle density matrix approach for characterizing the topology of interacting and disordered states
2024 (English)In: Physical Review Research, E-ISSN 2643-1564, Vol. 6, no 3, article id L032045Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

While topology is a property of a quantum state itself, most existing methods for characterizing the topology of interacting phases of matter require direct knowledge of the underlying Hamiltonian. We offer an alternative by utilizing the one-particle density matrix formalism to extend the concept of the Chern, chiral, and Chern-Simons markers to include interactions. The one-particle density matrix of a free-fermion state is a projector onto the occupied bands, defining a Brillouin zone bundle of the given topological class. This is no longer the case in the interacting limit, but as long as the one-particle density matrix is gapped, its spectrum can be adiabatically flattened, connecting it to a topologically equivalent projector. The corresponding topological markers thus characterize the topology of the interacting phase. Importantly, the one-particle density matrix is defined in terms of a given state alone, making the local markers numerically favorable, and providing a valuable tool for characterizing topology of interacting systems when only the state itself is available. To demonstrate the practical use of the markers we use the chiral marker to identify the topology of midspectrum eigenstates of the Ising-Majorana chain across the transition between the ergodic and many-body localized phases. We also apply the chiral marker to random states with a known topology, and compare it with the entanglement spectrum degeneracy.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Physical Society (APS), 2024
National Category
Condensed Matter Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-352942 (URN)10.1103/PhysRevResearch.6.L032045 (DOI)001302106400001 ()2-s2.0-85203582477 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20240910

Available from: 2024-09-10 Created: 2024-09-10 Last updated: 2026-05-19Bibliographically approved
3. Aharonov-Bohm oscillations and perfectly transmitted mode in amorphous topological insulator nanowires
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Aharonov-Bohm oscillations and perfectly transmitted mode in amorphous topological insulator nanowires
2026 (English)In: Physical Review B, ISSN 2469-9950, E-ISSN 2469-9969, Vol. 113, no 7, article id 075417Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Crystalline topological insulator nanowires with a magnetic flux threaded through their cross section display Aharanov-Bohm conductance oscillations. A characteristic of these oscillations is the perfectly transmitted mode present at certain values of the magnetic flux, due to the appearance of an effective time-reversal symmetry combined with the topological origin of the nanowire surface states. In contrast, amorphous nanowires display a varying cross section along the wire axis that breaks the effective time-reversal symmetry. In this work, we use transport calculations to study the stability of the Aharanov-Bohm oscillations and the perfectly transmitted mode in amorphous topological nanowires. We observe that at low energies and up to moderate amorphicity the transport is dominated, as in the crystalline case, by the presence of a perfectly transmitted mode. In an amorphous nanowire the perfectly transmitted mode is protected by chiral symmetry or, in its absence, by a statistical time-reversal symmetry. At high amorphicities the Aharanov-Bohm oscillations disappear and the conductance is dominated by nonquantized resonant peaks. We identify these resonances as bound states and relate their appearance to a topological phase transition that brings the nanowires into a trivial insulating phase.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Physical Society (APS), 2026
National Category
Condensed Matter Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-381640 (URN)10.1103/8zhc-z8mb (DOI)001694030800004 ()2-s2.0-105037850182 (Scopus ID)
Funder
EU, European Research Council, 101042707Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, 2019.0068Swedish Research Council, 2020-00214Swedish Research Council, 2022-06725
Note

QC 20260526

Available from: 2026-05-19 Created: 2026-05-19 Last updated: 2026-05-26Bibliographically approved
4. A One-Particle Density Matrix Framework for Mode-Shell Correspondence: Characterizing Topology in Amorphous Higher-Order Topological Insulators
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A One-Particle Density Matrix Framework for Mode-Shell Correspondence: Characterizing Topology in Amorphous Higher-Order Topological Insulators
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

We present a framework for characterizing higher-order topological phases directly from the one-particle density matrix, without any reference to an underlying Hamiltonian. Our approach extends the mode-shell correspondence, originally formulated for single-particle Hamiltonians, to Gaussian states subject to chiral constraints. In this correspondence, the mode index counts topological boundary modes, while the shell index quantifies the bulk topology in a region surrounding the modes, providing a bulk-boundary diagnostic. In one-dimensional topological insulators, the shell index reduces to the local chiral marker, recovering the winding number in the translation-invariant limit. We apply the mode-shell correspondence to a C4-symmetric higher-order topological insulator with a chiral constraint and show that a fractional shell index implies that the higher-order phase is intrinsic. The one-particle density matrix is formulated in real space, so the mode-shell correspondence also applies to models without translation invariance. By introducing structural disorder into the C4-symmetric higher-order insulator, we show that the mode-shell correspondence remains a meaningful diagnostic in amorphous structures. The mode-shell correspondence generalizes to interacting states with a gapped bulk spectrum in the one-particle density matrix, providing a practical and diverse route to characterize higher-order topology from the quantum state itself.

National Category
Condensed Matter Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-381645 (URN)10.48550/arXiv.2509.03632 (DOI)
Note

QC 20260601

Available from: 2026-05-19 Created: 2026-05-19 Last updated: 2026-06-01Bibliographically approved
5. Witnessing Short- and Long-Range Nonstabilizerness via the Information Lattice
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Witnessing Short- and Long-Range Nonstabilizerness via the Information Lattice
Show others...
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

We study nonstabilizerness on the information lattice, and demonstrate that noninteger local information directly indicates nonstabilizerness. For states with a clear separation of short- and large-scale information, noninteger total information at large scales Γ serves as a witness of long-range nonstabilizerness. We propose a folding procedure to separate the global and edge-to-edge contributions to Γ. As an example we show that the ferromagnetic ground state of the spin-1/2 three-state Potts model has long-range nonstabilizerness originating from global correlations, while the paramagnetic ground state has at most short-range nonstabilizerness.

National Category
Condensed Matter Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-381643 (URN)10.48550/arXiv.2510.26696 (DOI)
Note

QC 20260601

Available from: 2026-05-19 Created: 2026-05-19 Last updated: 2026-06-01Bibliographically approved

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