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Applying indirect evaporative chillers for comfort cooling in Northern European commercial buildings: A case study in Sweden
Building Energy Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8567-7405
Building Energy Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Energy Technology, Applied Thermodynamics and Refrigeration.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7354-6643
Building Energy Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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2024 (English)In: Applied Thermal Engineering, ISSN 1359-4311, E-ISSN 1873-5606, Vol. 248, article id 123158Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Indirect evaporative chiller (IEC) can produce chilled water below the wet-bulb temperature of outdoor air. To evaluate the potential of applying indirect evaporative chillers for covering the high indoor sensible cooling loads in commercial buildings of Northern European countries, a case study based on a real commercial building in Stockholm was carried out assuming renovation of the existing air-conditioning system by replacing district cooling with an indirect evaporative chiller as cooling source. Numerical models were built for the indirect evaporative chiller as well as for the entire space cooling system, and techno-economic performance evaluation as well as sensitivity analyses were conducted with a validated numerical model to comprehensively evaluate renovation benefits. The simulation results show that, an indirect evaporative chiller fulfilling 80 % of the total sensible cooling load of the design outdoor condition with a dry-bulb outdoor air temperature of 26 °C and a relative humidity of 45 %, can produce chilled water below the wet-bulb outdoor air temperature when the relative humidity is lower than 0.4 for hours in July of year 2015 and 2018. Sensitivity analyses show that reducing the supply air flow rate of the ventilation system from the default setpoint of 1.2 L/(m2·s) to the minimum hygienically required level of 0.35 L/(m2·s) would double the seasonal energy efficiency rating of the air-conditioning system from 6.3 to 12.8. Compared to the original district cooling-based system, the operational expenditure of the renovated system can be saved for optimally 54 k SEK, justifying a capital expenditure of 588 k SEK assuming operation of 15 years. The case study shows that indirect evaporative chiller can potentially be applied for commercial buildings under the and climatic and market context of Sweden, providing an alternative cooling solution for similar applications.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2024. Vol. 248, article id 123158
Keywords [en]
Indirect evaporative chiller, Evaporative cooling, Commercial buildings in Sweden, Comfort cooling, Case study
National Category
Building Technologies
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-383865DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.123158ISI: 001231135300001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85190268264OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-383865DiVA, id: diva2:2076352
Note

QC 20260622

Available from: 2026-06-22 Created: 2026-06-22 Last updated: 2026-06-22Bibliographically approved

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Xu, TianhaoMadani Larijani, Hatef

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