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Pore pressure and alarm thresholds for probabilistic assessment of sliding stability for concrete buttress dams
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0009-0000-7988-2939
2026 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Uplift pressure from water acting beneath concrete dams is one of the main forces governing sliding stability. For concrete buttress dams, the relatively low self-weight makes their stability particularly sensitive to uplift, especially where persistent sub-horizontal fractures in the rock foundation allow uplift to act across the full fracture plane rather than only at the concrete–rock interface. Current dam safety guidelines describe uplift deterministically using simplified pressure distributions, which do not explicitly account for the inherent variability of uplift. When existing dams are re-evaluated against modern safety requirements and where previously unknown fracture planes have been identified, they could fail to fulfil stability requirements, potentially leading to costly countermeasures that could have been avoided if uplift were described more accurately.

Reliability-based methods offer an alternative approach to evaluate dam stability, with the governing parameters treated as random variables. Despite uplift having been investigated since the early 20th century, empirical data characterising its variability remain scarce, and a comprehensive statistical description has yet to be established.

This licentiate thesis investigates uplift pressure and its influence on the reliability-based evaluation of sliding stability along sub-horizontal fractures beneath concrete buttress dams. A sensitivity analysis demonstrates that the assumed variability of uplift could determine whether a monolith meets the target reliability or not. Furthermore, a reliability-based monitoring framework is proposed in which alarm thresholds derived from target probabilities of failure are used to control uplift behaviour, offering an alternative to stability-enhancing countermeasures for dams that do not fully meet current stability requirements.

Both studies underscore the need for a well-founded statistical characterisation of uplift. To address this, a statistical analysis of piezometric pore pressure measurements from 236 piezometers installed beneath two concrete buttress dams in northern Sweden was performed, analysing the spatial variability of uplift across monoliths. The results show significant variability between monoliths, but also that uplift derived from piezometric measurements is generally lower than values calculated according to current guidelines. Correlations between monolith height, relative piezometer location and uplift were identified, although the moderate explanatory values indicate that uplift cannot be fully explained by the parameters used to model uplift in the current deterministic approach.

Abstract [sv]

Det upptryck som verkar under en betongdamm för vattenkraft är en av de huvudsakliga lasterna som styr en damms glidstabilitet. För lamelldammar gör den relativt låga egenvikten stabiliteten särskilt känslig för upptryck, framför allt där utbredda subhorisontella sprickor i berggrunden kan utgöra potentiella glidplan. I dessa fall kan upptrycket verka över hela sprickplanet i stället för att vara begränsat till kontaktytan mellan berg och betong. I gällande riktlinjer för dammsäkerhet beskrivs upptryck deterministiskt med förenklade modeller, utan att explicit beakta upptryckets naturliga variation. När stabiliteten av befintliga dammar utvärderas med moderna säkerhetskrav där tidigare okända sprickplan under dammen identifierats, riskerar dammen att inte längre uppfylla stabilitetskraven. Detta kan resultera i kostsamma åtgärder som hade kunnat undvikas med en bättre beskrivning av upptrycket.

Tillförlitlighetsbaserade metoder erbjuder ett alternativt tillvägagångssätt för att utvärdera dammars stabilitet, där de styrande parametrarna betraktas som slumpvariabler. Trots att upptryck under dammar har undersökts sedan tidigt 1900-tal är empiriska data som beskriver dess variation fortfarande begränsade, och fastställande av en omfattande statistisk beskrivning kvarstår.

Denna licentiatavhandling undersöker upptryck och dess inverkan på tillförlitlighetsbaserad utvärdering av glidstabilitet längs subhorisontella sprickplan under lamelldammar i betong. En känslighetsanalys visar att den antagna upptrycksvariationen kan avgöra huruvida en lamell uppfyller acceptabel brottsannolikhet eller inte. Vidare föreslås ett tillförlitlighetsbaserat ramverk för övervakning, där alarmgränser härleds från acceptabel brottsannolikhet för att kontrollera upptrycket med syftet att visa hur ett sådant system kan utgöra ett alternativ för dammar som inte fullt ut uppfyller fastställda stabilitetskrav.

Bägge studierna lyfter fram behovet av en välgrundad statistisk beskrivning av upptryck. För att hantera detta problem genomfördes en statistisk analys av portrycksmätningar från 236 piezometrar installerade under två lamelldammar i norra Sverige, där upptryckets rumsliga spridning mellan lamellerna analyserades. Resultaten visar betydande variation mellan lameller, men också att upptryck härlett från mätningar generellt är lägre än motsvarande värden beräknat utifrån gällande riktlinjer. Korrelationer mellan lamellhöjd, relativ piezometerplacering och upptryck identifierades. De relativt låga determinationskoefficienterna indikerar att upptrycket inte fullt ut kan förklaras av de parametrar som används för att ansätta upptryck enligt gällande riktlinjer för dammsäkerhet i samband med deterministiska stabilitetsanalyser.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. , p. 47
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2624
Keywords [en]
Uplift pressure, concrete buttress dams, reliability-based stability analysis, piezometric pore pressure measurements, alarm thresholds
Keywords [sv]
Upptryck, lamelldammar, tillförlighetsbaserade metoder för glidstabilitetsanalys, piezometriska portrycksmätningar, alarmgränser
National Category
Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-383748ISBN: 978-91-8106-664-7 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-383748DiVA, id: diva2:2081966
Presentation
2026-09-04, V1, Teknikringen 76, KTH Campus, public video conference link https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/67278330504, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20260703

Available from: 2026-07-03 Created: 2026-06-30 Last updated: 2026-07-03Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Influence of uplift on the probability of sliding failure for concrete buttress dams
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Influence of uplift on the probability of sliding failure for concrete buttress dams
2024 (English)In: Symposium on DAMS FOR PEOPLE, WATER, ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 1st - 3rd October, New Delhi: PROCEEDINGS / [ed] A.K. Dinkar, New Delhi, India, 2024, p. 411-417Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
New Delhi, India: , 2024
National Category
Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics; Civil and Architectural Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-382941 (URN)
Conference
International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD)
Note

QC 20260604

Available from: 2026-06-04 Created: 2026-06-04 Last updated: 2026-06-30Bibliographically approved
2. Towards a reliability-based monitoring system for uplift under concrete buttress dams
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Towards a reliability-based monitoring system for uplift under concrete buttress dams
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2026 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Skopje, North Macedonia: , 2026
Keywords
Uplift pressure, alarm thresholds, monitoring, probability of failure, dam safety
National Category
Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-382945 (URN)
Conference
EUROCK 2026 Risk Management In Rock Engineering, Skopje, North Macedonia, 15-19 September 2026
Note

QC 20260604

Available from: 2026-06-04 Created: 2026-06-04 Last updated: 2026-06-30
3. Statistical evaluation of uplift pressures in rock foundations under concrete buttress dams
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Statistical evaluation of uplift pressures in rock foundations under concrete buttress dams
Show others...
(English)In: Article in journal (Refereed) Submitted
Keywords
uplift pressure; pore pressure measurements; probabilistic analysis; spatial variability; dam safety
National Category
Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
Research subject
Civil and Architectural Engineering, Soil and Rock Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-382947 (URN)
Note

QC 20260604

Available from: 2026-06-04 Created: 2026-06-04 Last updated: 2026-06-30Bibliographically approved

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Dyberg Thonée, Johanna

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