kth.sePublications KTH
System disruptions
There are recurring service disruptions on some of the search portals due to high traffic. We are working to resolve the issue, you may temporarily encounter an error message.
Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Power from Potential: A Survey of Electrostatic Actuators for Haptics
Department of Mechanical Engineering at Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7599-2572
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Media Technology and Interaction Design.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5309-056X
Artimus Robotics, Boulder, Colorado, USA.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6614-8329
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Media Technology and Interaction Design.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9472-3805
Show others and affiliations
2026 (English)In: IEEE Transactions on Haptics, ISSN 1939-1412, E-ISSN 2329-4051, Vol. 19, no 3, p. 616-634Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

As haptic interfaces integrate more seamlessly into wearables and everyday environments, they increasingly require actuators that are soft, thin, silent, and energy efficient. However, conventional motors and temperature-responsive polymers often struggle to deliver these properties due to their bulky form factors and high power consumption. High-Voltage Electrostatic Actuators (HVEAs), which generate force by applying an electric field to localized charge concentrations using high voltages and ultra-low currents, have recently emerged as a compelling alternative due to their fast, silent, and low-power operation within highly customizable and compliant form factors. This paper presents a focused review of HVEAs for haptics, examining four major classes: electrostatic switchable adhesives, dielectric elastomer actuators, soft electrohydraulic actuators, and electrokinetic pumps. For each class, we describe their mechanisms that enable haptic output; characterize their band widths, force densities, and spatial scalability; and evaluate their versatility for rendering cutaneous and kinesthetic feedback across wearable and world-grounded interfaces. Through this cross-technology analysis, we identify common design constraints and emerging strategies for improving ergonomics, streamlining fabrication, and integrating self-sensing. We conclude by out lining where HVEAs are uniquely positioned to advance haptic interaction and highlighting key research directions needed to translate these technologies into practical systems.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE Robotics and Automation Society, 2026. Vol. 19, no 3, p. 616-634
Keywords [en]
electrostatic actuators, haptics, electroadhesion, dielectric elastomer actuators, soft electrohydraulic actuators, electro-kinetic pumps
National Category
Applied Mechanics Other Engineering and Technologies
Research subject
Computer Science; Materials Science and Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-384862DOI: 10.1109/toh.2026.3708136PubMedID: 42371873Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105043574887OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-384862DiVA, id: diva2:2084350
Note

QC 20260706

Available from: 2026-07-04 Created: 2026-07-04 Last updated: 2026-10-02Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

fulltext(21423 kB)149 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT01.pdfFile size 21423 kBChecksum SHA-512
ee531db699f14d7d78cc32e3dd6fcdfc32aa90f8b83555da1c9222ae7755e9febf13d7a6990983138f1ea7d65ae3b225e2ce5dbac9c303d6501c05558269d84d
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf

Other links

Publisher's full textPubMedScopus

Authority records

Zhou, RanBalaam, Madeline

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Rauf, Ahad M.Zhou, RanAcome, EricBalaam, MadelineFollmer, SeanHan, TengShultz, CraigLeithinger, Daniel
By organisation
Media Technology and Interaction Design
In the same journal
IEEE Transactions on Haptics
Applied MechanicsOther Engineering and Technologies

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar
The number of downloads is the sum of all downloads of full texts. It may include eg previous versions that are now no longer available

doi
pubmed
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

doi
pubmed
urn-nbn
Total: 4821 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf