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Advancing sustainable nickel salt recovery for battery recycling via antisolvent crystallization in a T-mixer: a numerical study using population balance modeling
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering, Process Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4013-8218
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering, Resource recovery.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2511-8040
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering, Resource recovery.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3239-5188
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering, Process Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5886-415X
2026 (English)In: Separation and Purification Technology, ISSN 1383-5866, E-ISSN 1873-3794, Vol. 409, article id 139232Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The global shift towards sustainable energy solutions has made lithium-ion battery recycling essential for circular economy, handling resource efficiency, waste reduction, and industry innovation, aligning with SDGs #9 and #12. However, battery recycling plants are not yet at relevant scales, and transition to a circular battery value chain needs to be accelerated. To that end, a comprehensive computational framework is presented coupling CFD with PBM to simulate NiSO4·6H2O crystallization via antisolvent method for sustainable metal recovery in battery recycling applications. This integrated model solves discretized PBE to predict crystal size distribution in a continuous 3D T-mixer crystallizer, analyzing crystal formation and growth under steady state laminar flow (). A novel kinetic growth model is also developed experimentally to determine kinetic parameters, and is supported by precise Ni solubility data and nucleation thresholds, to ensure the occurrence of seeded crystal growth (desupersaturation). Crystal polymorphs are further characterized using powder XRD, confirming the formation of α − NiSO4·6H2O crystals. Influence of flow dynamics and residence time on seeded crystal growth and particle size distribution is investigated numerically. Impact of impinging flow on local supersaturation levels highlights the role of mixing in crystallization, revealing radial mixing intensification with Re. Increasing Re reduces mean crystal size owing to shorter residence times, leading to less supersaturation utilization. Moreover, PSD narrows with the increase in Re, and peak shifts towards smaller crystal sizes, while PSD broadens and shifts right along the mixing channel length. Eventually, the efficacy of T-mixer in promoting uniform crystal growth, targeting narrow PSD, is evaluated—enabling energy-efficient continuous crystallization systems. Furthermore, this predictive simulation approach will help in designing innovative crystallization processes, contributing to a truly circular economy.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2026. Vol. 409, article id 139232
Keywords [en]
Battery recycling, Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), Metal recovery, Population balance model (PBM), Antisolvent crystallization, Particle size distribution (PSD)
National Category
Separation Processes
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-385302DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2026.139232ISI: 001825128800001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105045063635OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-385302DiVA, id: diva2:2085943
Funder
KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Note

QC 20260717

Available from: 2026-07-11 Created: 2026-07-11 Last updated: 2026-07-29Bibliographically approved

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Jha, Vandana KumariTeimouri, SamanehForsberg, KerstinDuwig, Christophe

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