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Surfactants on liquid-infused surfaces: Marangoni stresses, interfacial dynamics and slip degradation
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0009-0006-5143-4660
2026 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Liquid-infused surfaces (LIS) have emerged as a promising bio-inspired technology for drag reduction and anti-fouling applications. By trapping a lubricating liquid within a micro-textured substrate, LIS replace part of a rigid solid wall with a liquid-liquid interface. If this interface remains mobile, the external flow can experience slip and reduced viscous resistance. However, experiments often show significantly lower slip than predicted by ideal clean-interface models. This licentiate thesis investigates the physical mechanisms underlying this performance degradation, with particular focus on surface-active agents (surfactants).

Using local experimental measurements and direct numerical simulations (DNS), this work shows how trace amounts of surfactants at the liquid-liquid interface can generate Marangoni stresses that strongly reduce slip. The thesis is based on two appended papers. The first study uses Doppler optical coherence tomography (D-OCT) to extract local slip velocities on longitudinal LIS. The measured slip lies far below clean-interface predictions and agrees closely with simulations of an immobilised interface. To explain this immobilisation, the second study uses DNS to resolve surfactant transport coupled to the fluid flow. The results show that shear-driven interfacial motion redistributes surfactants along the interface, creating concentration and surface tension gradients. These gradients generate Marangoni stresses that oppose the external flow and can reduce the interfacial velocity to nearly zero. Three-dimensional simulations further show that, at high Marangoni number, non-uniform surfactant distributions can drive recirculating interfacial motions even when the mean slip is suppressed. Finally, surfactant leakage from the interface is shown to partially recover interfacial mobility.

Together, these findings bridge the gap between ideal clean-interface theory and experimental observations. The thesis establishes surfactant-induced Marangoni stresses as a central mechanism for slip degradation on liquid-infused surfaces. Consequently, the practical design and evaluation of LIS cannot rely on clean-interface theory alone. Even trace contamination can reduce the interfacial velocity to nearly zero, making the liquid-liquid interface behave effectively as an immobilised boundary.

Abstract [sv]

Vätskeinfunderade ytor (LIS) är en lovande bioinspirerad teknik för att minska strömningsmotstånd och motverka påväxt. Genom att innesluta en smörjande vätska i ett mikrostrukturerat underlag ersätter LIS en del av en styv, fast vägg med en vätske-vätske-gränsyta. Om denna gränsyta förblir rörlig kan det yttre flödet uppleva glidning och minskat visköst motstånd. Experiment visar dock ofta betydligt lägre glidning än vad som förutsägs av idealmodeller för rena gränsytor. Denna licentiatavhandling undersöker mekanismerna bakom denna prestandaförsämring, med särskilt fokus på ytaktiva ämnen, så kallade surfaktanter.Med lokala experimentella mätningar och direkta numeriska simuleringar (DNS) visar detta arbete hur spårmängder av surfaktanter vid vätske-vätske-gränsytan kan generera Marangoni-spänningar som kraftigt minskar glidningen. Avhandlingen bygger på två inkluderade delarbeten. Den första studien använder Doppler-optisk koherenstomografi (D-OCT) för att bestämma lokala glidhastigheter på längsgående LIS. Den uppmätta glidningen ligger långt under prediktionerna för rena gränsytor och stämmer väl överens med simuleringar av en immobiliserad gränsyta. För att förklara denna immobilisering använder den andra studien DNS för att kartlägga surfaktanttransporten kopplad till vätskeflödet. Resultaten visar att skjuvningsdriven rörelse vid gränsytan omfördelar surfaktanter längs gränsytan och skapar koncentrations- och ytspänningsgradienter. Dessa gradienter genererar Marangoni-spänningar som motverkar det yttre flödet och kan minska gränsytans hastighet till nästan noll. Tredimensionella simuleringar visar att ojämna surfaktantfördelningar vid höga Marangoni-tal kan driva återcirkulerande rörelser vid gränsytan även när den genomsnittliga glidningen är undertryckt. Slutligen visas att läckage av surfaktanter från gränsytan delvis kan återställa dess rörlighet.Sammantaget överbryggar resultaten klyftan mellan ideal teori för rena gränsytor och experimentella observationer. Avhandlingen fastställer att Marangoni-spänningar orsakade av surfaktanter är en central mekanism för glidförsämring på vätskeinfunderade ytor. Följaktligen kan praktisk utformning och utvärdering av LIS inte enbart baseras på teorin om rena gränsytor. Även spår av föroreningar kan minska gränsytans hastighet till nästan noll, vilket gör att vätske-vätske-gränsytan i praktiken beter sig som en immobiliserad gränsyta.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. , p. xi, 37
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2026:16
Keywords [en]
liquid-infused surfaces, surfactants, slip length
Keywords [sv]
vätskeimpregnerade ytor, ytaktiva ämnen, glidlängd
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Research subject
Engineering Mechanics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-385769ISBN: 978-91-8106-656-2 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-385769DiVA, id: diva2:2087128
Presentation
2026-08-26, D37, Lindstedtsvägen 37, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 260720

Available from: 2026-07-20 Created: 2026-07-17 Last updated: 2026-07-20Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Local slip length and surfactant effects on liquid-infused surfaces
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Local slip length and surfactant effects on liquid-infused surfaces
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2025 (English)In: Journal of Fluid Mechanics, ISSN 0022-1120, E-ISSN 1469-7645, Vol. 1022, article id A47Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Robust surfaces capable of reducing flow drag, controlling heat and mass transfer, and resisting fouling in fluid flows are important for various applications. In this context, textured surfaces impregnated with a liquid lubricant show promise due to their ability to sustain a liquid–liquid interface that induces slippage. However, theoretical and numerical studies suggest that the slippage can be compromised by surfactants in the overlying fluid, which contaminate the liquid–liquid interface and generate Marangoni stresses. In this study, we use Doppler-optical coherence tomography, an interferometric imaging technique, combined with numerical simulations to investigate how surfactants influence the slip length of lubricant-infused surfaces with longitudinal grooves in a laminar flow. Surfactants are endogenously present in the contrast agent (milk) which is added to the working fluid (water). Local measurements of slip length at the liquid–liquid interface are significantly smaller than theoretical predictions for clean interfaces (Schönecker & Hardt 2013). In contrast, measurements are in good agreement with numerical simulations of fully immobilized interfaces, indicating that milk surfactants adsorbed at the interface are responsible for the reduction in slippage. This work provides the first experimental evidence that liquid–liquid interfaces within textured surfaces can become immobilised in the presence of surfactants and flow.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Cambridge University Press (CUP), 2025
Keywords
capillary flows, drops, wetting and wicking
National Category
Fluid Mechanics Physical Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-373613 (URN)10.1017/jfm.2025.10782 (DOI)001609866900001 ()2-s2.0-105021566448 (Scopus ID)
Note

Not duplicate mith DiVA 1929827

QC 20251205

Available from: 2025-12-05 Created: 2025-12-05 Last updated: 2026-07-17Bibliographically approved
2. Insoluble surfactant dynamics on liquid-infused surfaces: A direct numerical simulation study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Insoluble surfactant dynamics on liquid-infused surfaces: A direct numerical simulation study
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

We conduct direct numerical simulations of insoluble surfactants at enclosed liquid–liquid interfaces, considered here in the context of liquid-infused surfaces (LIS). Using a combination of Volume of Fluid and Phase Field methods, we show how surfactants influence the flow inside, above, and below the interface. By varying the Marangoni number in both transverse and squared grooves, we identify distinct regimes. At low Marangoni numbers, strong spatial variations in Marangoni stress generate non-trivial velocity patterns along the interface. Conversely, at high Marangoni numbers, the interface is driven toward a macroscopically immobilized state, exhibiting nearly incompressible behavior resulting in local interfacial recirculation within squared grooves. To investigate mechanisms that mitigate this surfactant-induced immobilization, we relax the no-flux boundary condition to allow controlled surfactant leakage at the contact line. We demonstrate that this finite mass exchange effectively weakens the Marangoni stresses, enabling a partial recovery of the interfacial slip velocity.

National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-385768 (URN)
Note

QC 20260720

Available from: 2026-07-17 Created: 2026-07-17 Last updated: 2026-07-20Bibliographically approved

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