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Integrating biodiversity impacts into seafood life cycle assessments: pathways for improvement
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering, Water and Environmental Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5888-4943
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering, Water and Environmental Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3745-4092
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering, Water and Environmental Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7840-9189
Department of Environmental Intelligence, IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Kristineberg 566, 451 78, Fiskebäckskil, Sweden.
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2025 (English)In: The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, ISSN 0948-3349, E-ISSN 1614-7502, Vol. 30, no 3, p. 477-490Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose: The decline in biodiversity caused by human activities is a major global challenge. An important driver of biodiversity loss, especially in the oceans, is seafood production. However, methods for quantifying biodiversity impacts in life cycle assessment (LCA) are currently heavily focused on terrestrial systems. This study aims to identify and evaluate methods addressing aquatic biodiversity loss relevant for LCAs of seafood and to provide recommendations to research and LCA practitioners. Methods: The methodology comprised four key phases. First, environmental impacts from seafood production were identified and linked to biodiversity impacts. Second, it was assessed which impacts were addressed in existing seafood LCAs. Next, available biodiversity impact assessment methods were identified through a literature review. Finally, the identified assessment methods were evaluated and matched against the identified environmental impacts from seafood production to evaluate the efficacy of current LCA practices. Results and discussion: A total of 39 environmental impacts linked to seafood production were identified. Of these impacts, 90% were categorized as causing biodiversity loss and included effects on genetic, species, and ecosystem level. Only 20% out of the impacts associated to aquatic biodiversity loss had been included in previous seafood LCAs, indicating a narrow scope in practice, as methods were available for half of the impacts. The available methods were, however, mainly focused on impact on species level and on the drivers pollution and climate change rather than the main drivers of marine biodiversity loss: exploitation and sea-use change. Conclusions: Although many of the impacts from seafood production were related to biodiversity pressures, LCAs which are widely used to describe the environmental performance of seafood, disregard most biodiversity impacts from seafood production. The most severe limitations were the lack of methods for the pressures of exploitation and sea-use change and for effects on ecosystem and genetic biodiversity. This study provides recommendations to practitioners on how to best account for biodiversity impacts from seafood depending on the studied system, geographic area, and dataset. Future research should progress methods for impact pathways within the drivers exploitation and sea-use change, and effects on ecosystem biodiversity and genetic biodiversity.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature , 2025. Vol. 30, no 3, p. 477-490
Keywords [en]
Aquaculture, Ecosystem quality, Fisheries, Freshwater biodiversity, Impact assessment, LCA, LCIA, Marine biodiversity
National Category
Ecology Environmental Sciences Food Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-385855DOI: 10.1007/s11367-024-02414-7ISI: 001381889900001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85212868605OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-385855DiVA, id: diva2:2087409
Note

QC 20260720

Available from: 2026-07-20 Created: 2026-07-20 Last updated: 2026-09-28Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Towards sustainable food systems: Broadening sustainability assessments by evaluating underexplored seafoods and marine biodiversity impacts
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Towards sustainable food systems: Broadening sustainability assessments by evaluating underexplored seafoods and marine biodiversity impacts
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Hunger, climate change and biodiversity loss are among the largest global challenges of our time. These challenges are also deeply interlinked as the production of food is a major driver of climate change and biodiversity loss and the climate and biodiversity crisis in turn threatens food production. Two essential strategies to tackle these challenges are improving the efficiency of food production and shifting food consumption towards foods with low environmental footprint and high nutritional quality. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a method widely used to compare the environmental impacts of foods and production methods and is therefore an important tool to guide these actions. Yet, many foods and production methods have not been evaluated in LCAs and in addition, approaches for assessing effects on global sustainability challenges such as aquatic biodiversity impacts from foods are largely missing.

The aim of this thesis was therefore to contribute to more comprehensive sustainability assessments of food systems by evaluating the environmental performance of underexplored seafood products and by exploring opportunities to better capture biodiversity impacts in LCAs of seafood and other food products.

Papers 1 and 2 focused on two underexplored seafood products: seaweed farmed at a commercially relevant scale and in a region representative of global production, and single cell protein as a novel fish feed ingredient. Both were found to generally have lower environmental impacts than other comparable foods or protein feed ingredients and to have potential to reduce impacts further through identified improvement actions.

Paper 1 found that existing LCA biodiversity methods were inadequate for capturing the impacts of seaweed aquaculture. Papers 2 and 4 revealed new sustainability perspectives by including rarely assessed biodiversity impacts, showing that this addition can change outcomes and shift hotspots. Paper 3 provided a comprehensive overview of biodiversity concerns and available LCA assessment methods for seafood and found that aquatic biodiversity impacts remained largely overlooked in LCAs due to both current LCA practice and methodological gaps. Papers 3 and 4 identified key methodological gaps and hurdles for biodiversity-inclusive diet evaluations and offered recommendations for improved LCA practice and future research priorities. 

In conclusion, the findings of this thesis can contribute to more efficient seafood production and more comprehensive food and diet evaluations that take into account additional foods and aspects of sustainability, thereby enabling more well-informed interventions towards a sustainable food system.

Abstract [sv]

Hunger, klimatförändringar och förlust av biologisk mångfald hör till vår tids största globala utmaningar. Dessa utmaningar är också nära sammanlänkade eftersom livsmedelsproduktion är en av de främsta drivkrafterna bakom både klimatförändringar och förlust av biologisk mångfald, samtidigt som klimat- och biodiversitetskrisen i sin tur hotar framtidens livsmedelsförsörjning. En av de mest effektiva åtgärderna för att möta dessa utmaningar är att öka konsumtionen av livsmedel med lågt miljöavtryck och högt näringsvärde. Livscykelanalys (LCA) är en etablerad metod för att jämföra miljöpåverkan från livsmedel och produktionsmetoder, vilket gör den till ett viktigt verktyg i omställningen till ett hållbart livsmedelssystem. Dock saknas livscykelanalyser för många livsmedel och produktionsmetoder och det finns betydande kunskapsluckor när det gäller att bedöma påverkan på biologisk mångfald, särskilt i akvatiska miljöer.

Syftet med denna avhandling var därför att bidra till mer heltäckande hållbarhetsbedömningar av livsmedelssystem genom att utvärdera miljöpåverkan för sjömatsprodukter där kunskap saknas, samt att undersöka möjligheter för hur effekter på biologisk mångfald bättre kan inkluderas i livscykelanalyser av sjömat och andra livsmedel.

Två understuderade sjömatsprodukter undersöktes: storskaligt odlade alger från en region som är representativ för den globala produktionen, samt mykoprotein som en ny ingrediens i fiskfoder. Resultaten visade att båda produkterna generellt sett hade lägre miljöpåverkan än jämförbara livsmedel respektive proteiningredienser i fiskfoder. Analyserna visade också att det fanns potential för ytterligare minskningar av miljöpåverkan.

Befintliga LCA-metoder för biologisk mångfald visade sig vara otillräckliga för att utvärdera effekterna av den storskaliga algodlingen. I de produktjämförelser där effekter på biologisk mångfald kunde inkluderas, visade resultatet att tillägget av de sällan beaktade effekterna på biologisk mångfald kan ändra slutsatserna kring vilken produkt och produktionssteg som har högst miljöpåverkan. En systematisk genomgång av biodiversitetsutmaningar kopplade till sjömatsproduktion samt av tillgängliga LCA-modeller visade att akvatiska biodiversitetseffekter i stor utsträckning förbisetts i LCA, både på grund av praxis inom LCA-utförande och metodologiska begränsningar. I avhandlingen identifieras och prioriteras centrala metodluckor och hinder för mat- och kostutvärderingar som inkluderar påverkan på biologisk mångfald och rekommendationer ges för förbättrad LCA-praxis och framtida forskningsprioriteringar.

Sammantaget visar resultaten i denna avhandling hur utvärderingar av mat och kostvanor kan göras mer heltäckande genom att fler livsmedel, och fler dimensioner av hållbarhet, särskilt biologisk mångfald, inkluderas. Tillsammans ger detta bättre förutsättningar för välgrundade beslut och åtgärder som bidrar till ett mer hållbart livsmedelssystem.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. p. 60
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2633
Keywords
LCA, Life cycle assessment, biodiversity, blue food, seafood, fish, food, sustainability, sustainable food systems, marine, aquatic, LCA, Livscykelanalys, biologisk mångfald, blå mat, sjömat, fisk, mat, livsmedel, hållbarhet, hållbara livsmedelssystem, marin, akvatisk
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Research subject
Industrial Ecology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-388964 (URN)978-91-8106-722-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-10-23, F3 (Flodis), Lindstedtvägen 26, KTH Campus, public video conference link https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/67561203171, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
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Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2020-02834Region Västra Götaland, RUN 2020-00352
Note

QC 20260930

Available from: 2026-09-30 Created: 2026-09-28 Last updated: 2026-10-01Bibliographically approved

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Bergman, KristinaGröndahl, FredrikHasselström, LinusThomas, Jean-Baptiste E

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