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Bridging research and practice for transparent and inclusive onshore wind farm siting: Spatial multi-criteria analysis for planning support
KTH, School of Architecture and the Built Environment (ABE), Sustainable development, Environmental science and Engineering, Sustainability Assessment and Management. (Environmental Management and Assessment)
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Sustainable development
SDG 3: Good Health and Well-Being, SDG 7: Affordable and clean energy, SDG 9: Industry, innovation and infrastructure, SDG 11: Sustainable cities and communities, SDG 13: Climate action, SDG 15: Life on land
Abstract [en]

Sweden’s ambition to achieve a fossil-free electricity system requires a substantial expansion of wind energy, which is central to climate mitigation across Europe. While necessary to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and meet growing electricity demand, wind power development involves complex tradeoffs between techno-economic feasibility and socio-ecological impacts. These challenges require spatial planning approaches that integrate stakeholder perspectives and conflicting objectives. However, current applications of Spatial Multi-Criteria Analysis (SMCA) often function as technical optimisation tools rather than participatory planning processes, limiting transparency, interpretability, and real-world applicability due to methodological complexity and underlying assumptions.

This thesis aims to improve the applicability of SMCA for onshore wind energy siting in Sweden and to analyse how SMCA is currently used and how it can be enhanced. The objectives are: 1) to review SMCA applications in wind energy planning; 2) to develop and apply the REWIND framework in Västernorrland; 3) to simplify the weighting procedure through the Ranking-Rating (RR) method and analyse SMCA practice through discussions with stakeholders in Västernorrland and Västra Götaland; and 4) to refine socio-ecological and techno-economic evaluation using the Östra Mellansverige region as a case study.

The research integrates qualitative and quantitative methods within the REWIND framework, structured into three stages: scoping, design, and evaluation. Scoping involves identifying and standardising socio-ecological and techno-economic criteria using literature and stakeholder input. The design stage combines GIS-based modelling and stakeholder-derived weights to generate constraint, suitability, and conflict maps for site identification. The evaluation stage assesses alternatives using socio-ecological and technoeconomic factors, including non-dominated sorting, distance-based ranking, levelied cost of energy, and annual energy yield.

Results show that SMCA applications remain dominated by techno-economic criteria, while socio-cultural and ecological dimensions are simplified and weakly integrated. The REWIND framework demonstrates that a conflict score  improves transparency by making trade-offs explicit and enabling user-defined thresholds for acceptable conflict. The framework supports structured site identification but reveals persistent challenges related to data quality, criterion representation, weighting, and uncertainty.

The RR method reduces the complexity of weighting while improving transparency and stakeholder engagement. Evaluation results show strong regional variation in wind power potential, with no correlation between technoeconomic and socio-ecological performance, indicating fundamentally different dimensions of suitability. Leader-follower analysis further reveals dominance structures in some regions and more diverse solution spaces in others, with key trade-offs linked to wetlands and outdoor recreation. Overall, combining conflict analysis, participatory weighting, and structured evaluation improves transparency and supports more flexible, context-sensitive and sustainable wind power planning.

Abstract [sv]

Sverige har ambitionen att uppnå ett fossilfritt elsystem, vilket kräver en omfattande utbyggnad av vindkraft, som är central i klimatstrategier, både i Sverige och Europa. Samtidigt som vindkraft är nödvändig för att minska växthusgasutsläppen och möta en ökande efterfrågan på el, innebär dess utveckling komplexa avvägningar mellan teknisk-ekonomisk genomförbarhet och socio-ekologiska konsekvenser. Dessa utmaningar kräver rumsliga planeringsansatser som integrerar olika intressentperspektiv och hanterar motstridiga mål. Dagens tillämpningar av rumslig multikriterieanalys (Spatial Multi-Criteria Analysis, SMCA) fungerar dock ofta som tekniska optimeringsverktyg snarare än som inkluderande planeringsprocesser, vilket begränsar transparens, tolkningsbarhet och praktisk användbarhet på grund av metodologisk komplexitet och underliggande antaganden. Denna avhandling syftar till att förbättra användbarheten av SMCA för lokalisering av landbaserad vindkraft i Sverige, samt att analysera hur SMCA används i dag och hur det kan vidareutvecklas. Målen är: 1) att granska SMCA-tillämpningar i vindkraftsplanering; 2) att utveckla och tillämpa REWIND-ramverket i Västernorrland; 3) att förenkla viktningen genom Ranking-Rating (RR)-metoden samt analysera SMCA-praktik genom diskussioner med intressenter i Västernorrland och Västra Götaland; och 4) att vidareutveckla socio-ekologisk och teknisk-ekonomisk utvärdering med fokus på regionerna inom Östra Mellansverige.Studien integrerar kvalitativa och kvantitativa metoder inom REWIND-ramverket, strukturerade i tre steg: scoping, design och utvärdering. Scoping omfattar identifiering och standardisering av socio-ekologiska och teknisk-ekonomiska kriterier baserat på litteratur och intressentinspel. Designsteget kombinerar GIS-baserad modellering och intressentbaserade vikter för att skapa restriktions-, lämplighets- och konfliktkartor för lokalisering av potentiella vindkraftsområden. Utvärderingssteget analyserar alternativ med hjälp av socio-ekologiska och teknisk-ekonomiska indikatorer, inklusive ickedominerad sortering, avståndsbaserad rangordning, utjämnad energikostnadoch årlig elproduktion.Resultaten visar att SMCA-tillämpningar fortfarande domineras av teknisk-ekonomiska kriterier, medan socio-kulturella och ekologiska dimensioner ofta är förenklade och svagt integrerade. REWIND-ramverket visar att ett konfliktmått ökar transparensen genom att synliggöra avvägningar och möjliggöra användardefinierade trösklar för acceptabla konfliktnivåer. Ramverket stödjer strukturerad lokalisering av vindkraft men visar samtidigt på återkommande utmaningar kopplade till datakvalitet, kriterierepresentation, viktning och osäkerhet.RR-metoden minskar komplexiteten i viktningen samtidigt som transparensen och intressentengagemanget förbättras.  Utvärderingsresultaten visar stora regionala variationer i vindkraftspotential, utan korrelation mellan teknisk-ekonomisk och socio-ekologisk prestanda, vilket indikerar att dessa representerar fundamentalt olika dimensioner av lämplighet. Analys av ledare och följare visar tydliga dominansstrukturer i vissa regioner och mer diversifierade lösningsrum i andra, med viktiga avvägningar kopplade till våtmarker och friluftsliv. Sammantaget visar resultaten att kombinationen av konfliktanalys, intressentdeltagande i viktningarna och strukturerad utvärdering ökar transparensen och stödjer en mer flexibel, kontextanpassad och hållbar vindkraftsplanering.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. , p. 82
Series
TRITA-ABE-DLT ; 2625
Keywords [en]
Wind power planning, spatial multi-criteria analysis, planning support, conflict score, RR method, REWIND framework
Keywords [sv]
Vindkraftsplanering; rumslig multikriterieanalys; planeringsstöd; konfliktpoäng; RR-metoden; REWIND-ramverket
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Research subject
Land and Water Resources Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-386902ISBN: 978-91-8106-681-4 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-386902DiVA, id: diva2:2091018
Public defence
2026-09-03, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/69456210314F3, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26 & 28, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Projects
REWINDWind-ÖMS
Funder
Swedish Energy AgencyRegion StockholmStandUp
Note

QC 20260810

Available from: 2026-08-10 Created: 2026-08-10 Last updated: 2026-08-11Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. A decade of spatial multi-criteria analysis for wind farm planning in Europe
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A decade of spatial multi-criteria analysis for wind farm planning in Europe
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Research subject
Land and Water Resources Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-386899 (URN)
Projects
REWINDWind-ÖMS
Funder
Swedish Energy AgencyStandUp
Note

QC 20260810

Available from: 2026-08-10 Created: 2026-08-10 Last updated: 2026-08-10Bibliographically approved
2. Spatial multicriteria framework for sustainable wind-farm planning – accounting for conflicts
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Spatial multicriteria framework for sustainable wind-farm planning – accounting for conflicts
Show others...
2024 (English)In: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews, ISSN 1364-0321, E-ISSN 1879-0690, Vol. 189, article id 113856Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Considerable pressure is placed on wind power in Sweden due to the country’s goal of generating 100 % of its electricity from fossil free resources. The aim was to develop the REWIND methodological framework to support wind power planning, built on spatial multi-criteria analysis (SMCA). In addition, the purpose was to develop a conflict score as a novel component of this framework, for handling goal conflicts. This framework includes the scoping, design and evaluation stages. It was applied in a case study of Västernorrland County with extensive involvement of stakeholders throughout the process. 

The conflict score allows a separate analysis of trade-offs between factors, highlighting potential conflicts across the landscape to increase transparency. Thus, users are allowed to decide on a threshold on how much conflict among factors should be allowed for areas to qualify as planning alternatives. Critical issues that will need further attention concern quality and availability of data, creation of representative spatial indicators for the factors, weighting methods, and uncertainty analysis. The REWIND framework is open-ended and allows for further development to provide planning support that gives more control of factors and conflicts to be acceptable in real-world planning. Capacity building involving stakeholders in the design of planning alternatives are crucial. In Sweden, it can promote a more proactive planning process in the municipalities, supported by the regional actors, leading to a more predictable permitting process for developers. This will be useful for inclusive wind power planning in any country, since it is applicable on different scales.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2024
Keywords
Wind power planning, spatial multi-criteria analysis, conflict score, Swedish wind power strategy
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Research subject
Land and Water Resources Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-337751 (URN)10.1016/j.rser.2023.113856 (DOI)001102911700001 ()2-s2.0-85174742094 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Energy AgencySwedish Environmental Protection AgencyStandUp
Note

QC 20231129

Available from: 2023-10-08 Created: 2023-10-08 Last updated: 2026-08-10Bibliographically approved
3. Wind-power planning with spatial multi-criteria analysis: Lessons from exploring weighing from a planning perspective
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Wind-power planning with spatial multi-criteria analysis: Lessons from exploring weighing from a planning perspective
Show others...
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Research subject
Land and Water Resources Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-386900 (URN)
Projects
REWIND
Funder
Swedish Energy AgencyStandUp
Note

QC 20260810

Available from: 2026-08-10 Created: 2026-08-10 Last updated: 2026-08-10Bibliographically approved
4. Socio-ecological and techno-economic evaluation in SMCA-based wind farm siting in central Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Socio-ecological and techno-economic evaluation in SMCA-based wind farm siting in central Sweden
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Research subject
Land and Water Resources Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-386901 (URN)
Projects
REWIND
Funder
Swedish Energy AgencyRegion StockholmStandUp
Note

QC 20260810

Available from: 2026-08-10 Created: 2026-08-10 Last updated: 2026-08-10Bibliographically approved

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Manolan Kandy, Deepa

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