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AI Futures in Higher Education: The Social Construction of Artificial Intelligence through Education Fiction
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Learning, Digital Learning.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4905-8209
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Sustainable development
SDG 4: Quality Education
Abstract [en]

Artificial intelligence has become part of higher education, yet its future role remains unsettled. Its growing presence raises questions about what counts as learning, how assessment can remain meaningful, what teachers and students should be expected to do, and which forms of educational life should be protected. This thesis examines these questions through education fiction: short speculative stories written within or about (future) educational settings. The thesis uses education fiction to study how AI futures are imagined, contested, and made meaningful by researchers and higher education stakeholders.

This research is grounded in a social constructivist understanding of futures as shaped through social interactions, cultural narratives, and shared expectations. Drawing on the theory of Social Construction of Technology (SCOT), it approaches the current moment of AI in education as one with high interpretative flexibility, where multiple and competing meanings of AI coexist. Fiction is positioned as a distinctive site for studying this process because stories give form to possible futures through conflicts, metaphors, omissions, and other narrative choices.

The thesis comprises four interrelated papers. Paper 1 reviews 100 published speculative fictions to map recently published visions of AI futures in education. Paper 2 develops a three-lens analytical framework for analysing education fiction by integrating literary analysis with educational research. Paper 3 uses a web-based story-crafting tool to elicit original education fictions from 69 stakeholders in Swedish higher education, generating empirical data about their hopes, concerns, and values regarding AI futures. Paper 4 deepens this analysis through semi-structured interviews with 17 of these participants, examining how and why their anticipations of AI futures are both generative and constrained. 

Across the studies, the thesis shows that AI futures in education are plural yet patterned. Stakeholder-written fictions clustered into four configurations: Enhancement, Transformation, Displacement, and Resistance. These configurations were structured by three recurring tensions: the human remainder, the assessment paradox, and the efficiency-depth trade-off. The thesis also develops the concept of bounded anticipation to explain why many imagined futures preserved familiar educational structures, roles, and relationships. These limits are interpreted as meaningful expressions of the educational values stakeholders sought to protect, even as they may narrow what becomes thinkable.

The thesis makes three types of contributions. Methodologically, it advances education fiction as a research approach and offers analytical tools for studying fiction as data, method, and narrative knowledge. Theoretically, it shows how education fiction participates in the social construction of AI futures and extends SCOT by highlighting the narrative and value-bounded character of interpretative flexibility. Practically, it provides a vocabulary for more values-explicit conversations about AI in higher education, showing how educators, students, researchers, institutional leaders, and designers may negotiate competing visions of technological change.

Abstract [sv]

Artificiell intelligens (AI) har blivit en del av högre utbildning, men teknikens framtida roll är fortfarande öppen. Dess växande närvaro aktualiserar frågor om vad som räknas som lärande, hur examination kan förbli meningsfull, hur lärares och studenters roller kan komma att förändras och vilka utbildningsvärden som bör värnas. Avhandlingen undersöker dessa frågor genom utbildningsfiktion (education fiction): berättelser som utspelar sig i eller handlar om (framtida) utbildningsmiljöer. Syftet här är att analysera hur AI-framtider föreställs, ifrågasätts och ges mening av forskare och andra aktörer inom högre utbildning.

Avhandlingen utgår från en socialkonstruktivistisk förståelse enligt vilken framtider formas genom social interaktion, kulturella berättelser och delade förväntningar. Med stöd i teorin om teknikens sociala konstruktion (Social Construction of Technology, SCOT) betraktas AI i utbildning som en teknik med hög tolkningsflexibilitet: olika aktörer formar skilda föreställningar om vad tekniken är, bör göra och kan bli. Fiktion utgör ett särskilt givande material för att studera denna meningsskapande process, eftersom konflikter, metaforer, utelämnanden och andra narrativa val formar vad som framstår som möjligt, önskvärt eller hotfullt.

Avhandlingen omfattar fyra sammanlänkade studier. Studie 1 analyserar 100 publicerade spekulativa berättelser för att kartlägga samtida föreställningar om AI-framtider i utbildning. Studie 2 utvecklar ett analytiskt ramverk med tre tolkningslinser som kombinerar litteraturvetenskapliga analysverktyg med utbildningsvetenskapliga perspektiv. Studie 3 använder ett webbaserat berättelseverktyg för att samla in fiktiva berättelser om AI-framtider skrivna av 69 aktörer inom svensk högre utbildning. Berättelserna ger empiriskt material om deltagarnas förhoppningar, farhågor och värden i relation till dessa framtider. Studie 4 fördjupar analysen genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med 17 av dessa deltagare och undersöker hur och varför deras föreställningar både öppnar för nya möjligheter och sätter gränser för framtidstänkandet.

Sammantaget visar avhandlingen att föreställningar om AI-framtider i utbildning rymmer stor variation men också tydliga återkommande mönster. I deltagarnas berättelser framträder fyra konfigurationer: Förstärkning (Enhancement), Omvandling (Transformation), Undanträngning (Displacement) och Motstånd (Resistance). Genom konfigurationerna löper tre återkommande spänningar: det mänskliga som återstår, examinationsparadoxen samt avvägningen mellan effektivitet och fördjupning. Avhandlingen utvecklar också begreppet begränsad anticipation (bounded anticipation) för att förklara varför välbekanta utbildningsstrukturer, roller och relationer består i många av de föreställda framtiderna. Dessa begränsningar kan tolkas som uttryck för de utbildningsvärden deltagarna värnar, men de inskränker samtidigt vilka framtider som blir möjliga att föreställa sig.

Avhandlingen bidrar metodologiskt, teoretiskt och praktiskt. Metodologiskt vidareutvecklar den utbildningsfiktion som forskningsansats och erbjuder analytiska verktyg för att studera berättelser som empiriskt material, berättelseskapande som metod och fiktion som narrativ kunskapsform. Teoretiskt visar den att utbildningsfiktion är en del av den sociala konstruktionen av AI-framtider och vidareutvecklar SCOT genom att tydliggöra tolkningsflexibilitetens narrativa och värdebundna karaktär. Praktiskt erbjuder den ett språk för mer explicita samtal om vilka värden som står på spel i mötet mellan AI och högre utbildning. Detta språk kan stödja lärare, studenter, forskare och institutionella beslutsfattare i att synliggöra och förhandla om konkurrerande visioner av teknologisk förändring.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. , p. 147
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2026:27
Keywords [en]
education fiction, artificial intelligence in education, social construction of technology, higher education, futures studies
Keywords [sv]
utbildningsfiktion, artificiell intelligens i utbildning, teknikens sociala konstruktion, högre utbildning, framtidsstudier
National Category
Educational Sciences
Research subject
Technology and Learning
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-387550ISBN: 978-91-8106-689-0 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-387550DiVA, id: diva2:2095308
Public defence
2026-09-21, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26-28, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-08-27 Created: 2026-08-25 Last updated: 2026-09-07Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Imagining the future of artificial intelligence in education: a review of social science fiction
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Imagining the future of artificial intelligence in education: a review of social science fiction
2026 (English)In: Learning, Media & Technology, ISSN 1743-9884, E-ISSN 1743-9892, Vol. 51, no 1, p. 35-47Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In this article, we explore how the recently revived approach of social science fiction can be used as a creative and critical method to imagine and discuss the future of artificial intelligence in education (AIED). We review one hundred social science fiction stories written by researchers and analyse how they depict the potential role of AI in teaching and learning. Through a thematic analysis, we identify four main themes and several sub-themes that highlight the hopes and concerns that the researchers express for the future of AIED. Although the fictions present imaginative scenarios of anticipated AIED futures already present in the literature, they also feature creative illustrations of how such futures may materialise. We observe that social science fiction can be valuable in approaching the complex and uncertain landscape of AIED while stimulating reflection and dialogue. We conclude by suggesting some directions for further research and practice using this emerging approach of storytelling.

Keywords
Artificial intelligence, education, social science fiction, speculative fiction
National Category
Educational Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-353613 (URN)10.1080/17439884.2024.2365829 (DOI)001247760700001 ()2-s2.0-85195913074 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20260220

Available from: 2024-09-19 Created: 2024-09-19 Last updated: 2026-08-25Bibliographically approved
2. Beyond the story: a three-lens analysis of education fiction
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Beyond the story: a three-lens analysis of education fiction
2025 (English)In: Learning, Media & Technology, ISSN 1743-9884, E-ISSN 1743-9892Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

Education fiction offers unique opportunities to creatively explore education futures, yet approaches for analysing such works remain limited. This paper proposes three interpretive lenses for analysing education fiction: alternative educational imaginaries, narrative and rhetorical mechanics, and critical value for educational scholarship and practice. Each lens is posed alongside guiding questions to support deeper and reflective reading. Applying the lenses to a worked example about artificial intelligence in education shows how literary form, persuasion, and implicit value claims generate practice-relevant insights, without prescribing a single final reading. The lenses aim to bridge speculative storytelling with educational scholarship, demonstrating education fiction's potential not merely to imagine but to actively shape the future of educational research and practice.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Informa UK Limited, 2025
Keywords
Education fiction, speculative fiction, literary analysis, rhetorical analysis, fiction analysis
National Category
Educational Work
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-374502 (URN)10.1080/17439884.2025.2565251 (DOI)001586306200001 ()2-s2.0-105018231269 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20251219

Available from: 2025-12-19 Created: 2025-12-19 Last updated: 2026-08-25Bibliographically approved
3. Speculative futures of artificial intelligence in education: A causal layered analysis of education fiction
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Speculative futures of artificial intelligence in education: A causal layered analysis of education fiction
2026 (English)In: Futures: The journal of policy, planning and futures studies, ISSN 0016-3287, E-ISSN 1873-6378, Vol. 176, article id 103762Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This study examines how university stakeholders speculatively imagine futures for artificial intelligence in education (AIED) and the challenges these futures entail. Sixty-nine teachers, students, researchers and PhD candidates from Swedish higher education submitted short speculative scenarios via a bespoke web platform. Using Causal Layered Analysis (CLA), each text was coded across litany, systems, worldview and myth/metaphor layers to surface the assumptions and values underpinning imagined futures. Further analysis yielded four recurring configurations: Enhancement (AI as assistant/partner that personalises learning while keeping human judgement central), Transformation (human-AI fusion and continuous learning ecosystems that reconfigure institutions), Displacement (market logics and automation that deskill educators and render universities credential factories), and Resistance (protective constraints and AI-free spaces to preserve autonomy, authenticity and empathy). Across configurations, three cross-cutting tensions persisted: the human remainder (what stays uniquely human), the assessment paradox (how to evaluate learning amid AI-assisted outputs), and the efficiency-depth trade-off. It is argued that these tensions reflect AIED's character as a wicked problem: they are not resolvable by technical fixes alone, but demand negotiated, value-explicit choices. The findings suggest that debates about AI in education reflect fundamental educational philosophies rather than merely technological capabilities. By documenting diverse stakeholder voices through education fiction, this study provides empirical grounding for understanding AIED as a site of contested imaginaries requiring negotiation between multiple futures. The study contributes methodologically by demonstrating education fiction's value for exploring complex sociotechnical futures and practically by revealing tensions that educators and policymakers must navigate in designing AI-integrated educational systems.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2026
Keywords
Causal layered analysis, Education fiction, Education futures, Speculative fiction, Wicked problem
National Category
Educational Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-375912 (URN)10.1016/j.futures.2026.103762 (DOI)001666675600001 ()2-s2.0-105027242229 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20260128

Available from: 2026-01-28 Created: 2026-01-28 Last updated: 2026-08-25Bibliographically approved
4. What we cannot surrender: Bounded anticipation in education fiction on AI futures
Open this publication in new window or tab >>What we cannot surrender: Bounded anticipation in education fiction on AI futures
2026 (English)In: Futures: The journal of policy, planning and futures studies, ISSN 0016-3287, E-ISSN 1873-6378, Vol. 183, article id 103897Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This study examines why anticipatory processes produce predominantly conservative futures even when participants are invited to speculate freely about transformative technological change. Using education as an empirical site, the analysis draws on 69 speculative (education) fictions and 17 follow-up interviews with Swedish university stakeholders to develop the concept of bounded anticipation: structured limits on future imagination that result from active protection of values rather than imaginative deficit. The fiction analysis reveals persistent patterns of imagined futures that maintain present institutional forms, preserve established roles, and anchor transformation to familiar structures even when set decades ahead. Interview analysis highlights what participants consider non-negotiable in terms that connect with the values their fictions protect. Drawing an analogy from Simon’s bounded rationality, the study argues that anticipatory constraints can be understood as adaptive and values-constituted rather than deficient. Traces of technological determinism suggest that dominant discourses constrain imagination, yet bounded anticipation operates as generative refusal: a principled insistence on preserving commitments that participants believe define their professional domain’s purpose. The concept extends existing frameworks in anticipation studies, including used futures, futures literacy, and the sociology of expectations, by naming the anticipatory stance that determines which circulating futures are taken up and which are declined. The findings carry implications for futures literacy methodology, suggesting that interventions may be more productive when they engage the values that structure anticipation rather than simply expanding imaginative range, with potential relevance for professional communities navigating technological disruption.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV, 2026
Keywords
Anticipatory processes, Bounded anticipation, Education fiction, Futures literacy, Used futures
National Category
Technology and Environmental History Educational Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-387218 (URN)10.1016/j.futures.2026.103897 (DOI)2-s2.0-105046552364 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20260817

Available from: 2026-08-17 Created: 2026-08-17 Last updated: 2026-08-25Bibliographically approved

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