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Revising the Community of Inquiry framework for the analysis of one-to-one online learning relationships
KTH, School of Education and Communication in Engineering Science (ECE), Learning, Technology for learning.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8200-6021
KTH, School of Education and Communication in Engineering Science (ECE), Learning, Technology for learning.
KTH.
2016 (English)In: International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, E-ISSN 1492-3831, Vol. 17, no 3, p. 36-53Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In online learning research, the theoretical Community of Inquiry framework has been used extensively to analyze processes of inquiry among learners and instructors within a community. This paper examines a special case of community of inquiry consisting of only one learner and one instructor. Together they engage in an online coaching discourse to form a relationship of inquiry. Within these relationships, coachees pass through processes of practical inquiry process while a coach supports the process. In this study, a framework and coding scheme were developed for use in a transcript coding procedure including 3,109 messages from an online coaching case in math for k‑12 students. It is found that the elements of cognitive, teaching, and social presence, as well as the newly proposed emotional presence, which outlines a community of inquiry, comprise an effective structure for the analysis of one-to-one online coaching environments. The findings of this exploratory study suggest that a Relationship of Inquiry framework has the potential to support development of one-to-one online learning.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Athabasca University Press , 2016. Vol. 17, no 3, p. 36-53
National Category
Learning
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-166650DOI: 10.19173/irrodl.v17i3.2068ISI: 000380035900004Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-84969246396OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-166650DiVA, id: diva2:811736
Note

QC 20160517

Available from: 2015-05-13 Created: 2015-05-13 Last updated: 2024-03-15Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Online coaching as a Relationship of Inquiry: Exploring one-to-one online education
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Online coaching as a Relationship of Inquiry: Exploring one-to-one online education
2015 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In educational development, much focus is put on the use of computers and other digital tools to enhance teaching and learning. One of the most used digital communication forms is one-to-one communication using text, images, and video. One-to-one communication for educational purposes has, however, so far received only modest attention in research.

The purpose of this thesis is to explore inquiry-based one-to-one online education. An additional purpose is to explore opportunities and limitations with the Community of Inquiry framework, one of the most used models for analysis of online learning, when analyzing one-to-one online education. A particular interest is put on the role of emotions in the analyses. The empirical case used in the thesis is the Math Coach program who employs one-to-one education for k-12 students in mathematics via chat and a shared digital whiteboard.

The thesis consists of an introduction and four papers. First, in Paper I online coaching is defined, explained, and discussed through a review of previous research and a study of the establishment and operation of the Math Coach program. Secondly, the Community of Inquiry framework is adapted for use in one-to-one settings forming the Relationship of Inquiry framework. Paper II initiates the adaption using a survey study, Paper III evaluates the role of emotions in the framework, and Paper IV consolidates the Relationship of Inquiry framework with a comprehensive description of its components and a transcript coding procedure.

The findings indicate that inquiry-based one-to-one online education can be explored utilizing Online coaching as a Relationship of Inquiry. Online coaching is theoretically grounded in collaborative constructivism, critical thinking, and proximal development. It is defined as an inquiry-based learning activity where a person gets support on a specific subject matter from a more knowledgeable person using the Internet. The Relationship of Inquiry is a conceptual connection that is built between two persons that engage in a critical discourse in order resolve an educational issue. Central for the framework is the elements of cognitive presence, teaching presence, social presence, and emotional presence. Emotional presence is especially examined and confirmed as a critical interdependent element of the framework.

Abstract [sv]

En stor del av det utvecklingsarbete som idag bedrivs inom utbildningsväsendet handlar om hur datorer och annan digital teknik kan användas för att förbättra undervisning och lärande. Digital kommunikation mellan två individer – en-till-en-kommunikation – i form av text, bilder och video har fått stort genomslag i samhället, men det finns begränsat med forskning om dess användning och användbarhet i utbildningssammanhang.

Det primära syftet med denna avhandling är att utforska nätbaserad en-till-en-utbildning. Ett ytterligare syfte är att undersöka möjligheter och begränsningar med användandet av ramverket "Community of Inquiry" vid analys av nätbaserad utbildning. I avhandlingen studeras särskilt den emotionella dimensionen av ramverket. Som studieobjekt används Mattecoach på nätet, en verksamhet där grundskole- och gymnasieelever får stöd – coachas – i sina matematikstudier genom att chatta med lärarstudenter via textmeddelanden och en delad digital skrivtavla.

Avhandlingen är skriven på engelska och består av en inledning och fyra vetenskapliga artiklar. I artikel I definieras, förklaras och diskuteras läraktiviteten nätcoachning. I artikel II introduceras ramverket "Relationship of Inquiry". Detta bygger på ''Community of Inquiry'', som är ett väletablerat hjälpmedel för att analysera kommunikation inom större grupper, men har anpassats för en-till-en-kommunikation. I artikel III utvecklas ramverket vidare genom att speciellt studera den emotionella aspekten av lärande. I artikel IV bekräftas ramverket genom en fullständig beskrivning av dess ingående delar och en transkriptionsanalys.

Studien indikerar att nätbaserad en-till-en-utbildning kan utforskas utifrån läraktiviteten nätcoachning och ramverket ''Relationship of Inquiry'' (Online coaching as a Relationship of Inquiry). Nätcoachning definieras som en undersökande läraktivitet där en person via Internet får stöd i sin kunskapsutveckling från en annan individ som är mer kunnig inom området. Dess teoretiska grund bygger på kollaborativ konstruktivism, kritiskt tänkande och proximal utveckling. I avhandlingen studeras den relation som bildas mellan coach och elev som genom en kritisk och reflekterande dialog löser elevens matematikproblem. Ramverket är uppbyggt kring fyra delar: det kognitiva elementet, lärarelementet, det sociala elementet samt det emotionella elementet. Det emotionella elementet har särskilt studerats och visade sig vara ett viktigt element.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2015. p. vi, 55
Series
TRITA-ECE ; 2015:04
Keywords
online learning, online coaching, one-to-one online education, Community of Inquiry, Relationship of Inquiry
National Category
Learning
Research subject
Education and Communication in the Technological Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-166652 (URN)978-91-7595-526-1 (ISBN)
Public defence
2015-06-09, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, KTH, Stockholm, 13:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20150513

Available from: 2015-05-13 Created: 2015-05-13 Last updated: 2022-06-23Bibliographically approved
2. Spontaneous online tutoring: Students’ support of their own and other students’ process of inquiry in online text-based tutoring
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Spontaneous online tutoring: Students’ support of their own and other students’ process of inquiry in online text-based tutoring
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The use of online technologies has made education more accessible. In online education, there are increased expectations for students to be self-directed and take responsibility for their learning. Research has also shown that students can benefit from learning from each other. The purpose of this thesis is to explore how students support their own and other students’ process of inquiry in online text-based tutoring sessions. To enable the analysis of the conversations, a coding scheme for transcript analysis of online tutoring was introduced based on the Relationship of Inquiry framework, which is an adaptation of the Community of Inquiry framework.

This thesis consists of four papers. The first paper focuses on the development of the RoI coding scheme, which is used in two of the following papers. In the second paper, the coding scheme is further revised regarding the aspect of students’ teaching presence and how it connects to students’ support of their own and other students’ inquiry process. In the third paper, students’ support of their own and other students’ process of inquiry in online text-based tutoring sessions is studied further, and their messages are analyzed with the revised coding scheme. The fourth paper adopts an inductive approach and analyzes how students take responsibility for their own and their peers’ problem-solving through thematic analysis. 

The findings show that in online tutoring sessions, students may spontaneously take on the role of a tutor. Through their expressions of teaching presence by, for example, explaining their issues and their previous steps, or answering other students’ questions and giving suggestions, students support their own as well as other students’ inquiry process. The findings indicate that students acquire metacognitive development, through self- and co-regulation, with their expressions of teaching and cognitive presence. Furthermore, the findings show that the coding scheme with fixed categories may not show the full picture of interactions in an online learning environment. Additional analysis reveals that students’ expressions focus on different levels of learning while supporting the problem-solving process. Lastly, this thesis offers guidance on how to create online tutoring sessions where students take responsibility for their learning and are encouraged to help one another. 

Abstract [sv]

Användning av digital teknik har bidragit till att utbildning blivit alltmer tillgängligt. Digital utbildning har ökat förväntan på elever och studenter att vara självreglerande och ta ett större ansvar för sitt lärande. Forskning har också visat att elever och studenter kan gynnas av att lära tillsammans med andra. Syftet med den här avhandlingen är att utforska hur elever och studenter stödjer sitt eget och andras lärande vid textbaserad handledning via internet. För att analysera konversationerna utvecklades ett kodningsschema för analys av handledning via internet baserat på ramverket ”Relationship of Inquiry”, som är en anpassning av det teoretiska ramverket ”Community of Inquiry”.

 Avhandlingen inkluderar fyra artiklar. Den första artikeln fokuserar på utvecklandet av kodningsschemat för ”Relationship of Inquiry”, som senare används i två av de kommande artiklarna. I den andra artikeln vidareutvecklas kodningsschemat för att inkludera elevers uttryck av ”Teaching presence”, samt hur dessa uttryck är relaterade till hur elever stödjer sig själva och andra elever vid problemlösning. Den tredje artikeln fokuserar än mer på hur studenter stödjer sitt eget och andra studenters problemlösning vid textbaserad handledning via internet, där deras meddelanden analyserades med det uppdaterade kodningsschemat. Den fjärde artikeln använder i stället en induktiv ansats. Tematisk analys används för att analysera hur studenter tar ansvar för sin egen och andra studenters problemlösning.

Resultaten visar att elever och studenter spontant tar sig an rollen som handledare. I deras meddelanden där de beskriver vilket problem de har och vad de redan testat eller svarar på andra frågor och bidrar med förslag, uppvisar elever och studenter att de stödjer både sitt egna och andras lärande. Detta demonstrerar att elever och studenter genom att ta ansvar för lärandet i handlarsessionerna kan uppnå metakognitiv utveckling genom själv- och samreglering. Vidare pekar resultaten på att ett kodningsschema med fasta kategorier inte alltid fångar alla delar av den interaktion som sker vid textbaserad handledning via internet. Den tematiska analysen visar att studenter fokuserar på olika aspekter och nivåer av förståelse och lärande medan de stödjer problemlösningen. Avslutningsvis ger denna avhandling råd om hur handledning via internet kan genomföras för att skapa möjlighet för studenter att ta ansvar för sitt eget lärande och uppmuntra studenter att hjälpa varandra.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. IX, 80
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2023:10
National Category
Learning
Research subject
Technology and Learning
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-325080 (URN)978-91-8040-521-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-04-24, F3 / https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/64916196179, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-03-31 Created: 2023-03-28 Last updated: 2023-04-24Bibliographically approved

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Stenbom, StefanJansson, Malin

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