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Assessment of Raw Materials in Stainless Steelmaking-Their Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emission
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Materials Science and Engineering, Process.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4990-3580
2021 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In stainless steelmaking, around 68% of the total greenhouse gas emissions come from the processing of raw materials. Thus, it is important for steelmakers to make efforts together with their raw material suppliers to implement low-carbon initiatives. To facilitate such initiatives, assessment of raw materials will provide guidance. In this work, the assessment of materials consists of two parts: i) different production scenarios are studied by using a static process model coupled with life cycle assessment approach to investigate the reduction potential of environmental impacts for Mo and Ni alloys; ii) assessment of the effect of trace element content (phosphorus) in stainless steel scrap on steel’s manufacturing cost, resource consumption and environmental impact using an online static process model.

The results show that the overall GHG emission of FeMo production varies between 3.16-14.79 t CO2-eq/t FeMo (i.e. 5.3-24.7 tCO2-eq/t Mo). The main variance comes from the mining and beneficiation stages and depends mainly on the ore’s beneficiation degree. However, whether molybdenum is extracted as a co-product from copper mine or not can have an even greater effect on the total GHG emission of molybdenum due to the allocation of the impacts.  In the case of nickel alloys, the GHG emissions for producing nickel metal, nickel oxide, ferronickel and nickel pig iron are 14, 30, 6 and 7 tCO2-eq/t alloy (i.e. 14, 40, 18, and 69 tCO2-eq/t Ni), respectively. Extracting sulfide ore through flash smelting process has been shown to have the least energy requirement and greenhouse gas emissions. In comparison to sulfide ore processing, oxide ore processed in an electric furnace is much more energy intensive and less environmental friendly primarily due to high content of gangue. However, by using a sustainable electricity source such as hydro-powered electricity, or applying a thermal heat recovery, it is possible to reduce the impact from electric furnace smelting of laterite. Furthermore, the use of stainless steel scraps with low phosphorous contents reduces slag amount, alloy consumption, production cost and carbon footprint. An estimation equation between phosphorous content and scrap’s value-in-use is obtained in the study to support the development of purchasing strategy.

To conclude, the application of static process model based on mass and energy balance provides the possibility to assess raw materials’ environmental impact (energy consumption and GHG emissions) and to identify potentials to realize sustainable stainless steelmaking.

Abstract [sv]

Vid tillverkning av rostfritt stål kommer cirka 68% av växthusgaserna ifrån råvaruanvändningen. Därför är det viktigt för ståltillverkare att göra en samordnad insats med sina levenrantörer för att reducera dessa utsläpp. Den här avhandlingen ämnar att undersöka råvaror ur två perspektiv: i) att utvärdera olika produktionsscenarier för  molybden och nickelleggeringar genom en statisk processmodell i kombination med livscykelanalys för att undersöka potentialen för att minska miljöbelastningen; ii) att undersöka hur spårämnesinnehållet (fosfor) i rostfritt stålskrot påverkar ståltillverkningskostnaden, resursförbrukningen och miljöpåverkan med ett webbaserat verktyg för processmodellen.

Resultaten visar att växthusgasutsläppen från produktionen av FeMo varierar mellan 3.16-14.79 t CO2-eq/t FeMo (d.v.s. 5.3-24.7 tCO2-eq/t Mo). Variationen beror främst på malmets anrikningsgrad under malmbrytnings- och anrikningsprocessen. När molybden förekommer  i kopparmalm och utvinns som en co-produkt så kan det ha en större effekt på molybdens energiförbrukning och växthusgasutsläpp än vad malmens anrikningsgrad har. I fallet för tillverkning av nickelmetall, nickeloxid, ferronickel och nickeltackjärn är växthusgasutsläppen 14, 30, 6 respektive 7 tCO2-eq/t legering (motsvarande 14, 40, 18, respektive 69 tCO2-eq/t Ni). Användningen av sulfidmalm i flashsmältningsprocessen har visat sig ha lägst energibehov och växhusgasutsläpp medan användningen av oxidmalm i ljusbågsugn både är mer energiintensiv och utsläppsintensiv  på grund av en stor mängd oxider i nickelmalmen. Dessa utsläpp kan dock förbättras genom användningen av hållbar energi (till exempel el från vattenkraft), eller genom värmeåtervinning under processen. Utöver detta kan skrot med lågt fosforinnenhåll också användas vid tillverkningen av rostfritt stål för att minska slaggmängden, förbrukningen av legeringar, produktionskostnaden och växthusgasutläppen.  En ekvation mellan fosforinnehållet och skrotets värde föreslås här som underlag för att utveckla en inköpsstrategi för skrot.

Sammanfattningsvis så kan en statisk processmodell baserad på mass- och energibalans tillämpas för att utvärdera råvarors miljöbelastning (energiförbrukning och växthusgasutsläpp) och identifiera potentialen för en hållbar tillverkning av rostfritt stål.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. , p. 57
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2021:39
Keywords [en]
static process model, mass and energy balance, molybdenum, nickel, phosphorus, stainless steel, life cycle assessment, GHG emission, energy consumption
Keywords [sv]
statisk procesmodell, mass- och energibalans, molybden, nickel, fosfor, rostfritt stål, livscykelanalys, växthusgasutsläpp, energiförbrukning
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Research subject
Metallurgical process science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300133ISBN: 978-91-7873-980-6 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-300133DiVA, id: diva2:1587886
Presentation
2021-09-16, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/69683350570, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2021-08-26 Created: 2021-08-25 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions During Ferromolybdenum Production
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions During Ferromolybdenum Production
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2020 (English)In: Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy, ISSN 2199-3823, Vol. 6, no 1, p. 103-112Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Molybdenum is mainly used as an alloy material in the iron and steel industry and typically in the form of ferromolybdenum (FeMo). The current study aims to evaluate the energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) of four ferromolybdenum production cases using inventory inputs from a process model based on mass and energy conservations. The total energy required for producing 1 tonne of FeMo can vary between 29.1 GJ/t FeMo and 188.6 GJ/t FeMo. Furthermore, the corresponding GHG emissions differ from 3.16 tCO2-eq/t FeMo to 14.79 tCO2-eq/t FeMo. The main variances are from the mining and beneficiation stages. The differences in these stages come from the beneficiation degree (ore grade) and the mine type (i.e., co-product from copper mining). Furthermore, the mine type has a larger impact on the total energy consumption and GHG emissions than the beneficiation degree. More specifically, FeMo produced as co-product from copper mining has a lower environmental impact measured as the energy consumption and GHG emission among all the four cases. The inventory, consumed energy or associated GHG emission is independent on the initial ore grade and mine type in the downstream production stages such as roasting and smelting. Also, transport has the least impact on the energy consumption and GHG emission among all production stages.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2020
Keywords
Energy balance, Energy consumption, Ferromolybdenum, Greenhouse gas emission, Material balance
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-267853 (URN)10.1007/s40831-019-00260-8 (DOI)000519466700008 ()2-s2.0-85077556115 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20200303

Available from: 2020-03-03 Created: 2020-03-03 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved
2. Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Nickel Products
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Nickel Products
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2020 (English)In: Energies, E-ISSN 1996-1073, Vol. 13, no 21, article id 5664Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The primary energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from nickel smelting products have been assessed through case studies using a process model based on mass and energy balance. The required primary energy for producing nickel metal, nickel oxide, ferronickel, and nickel pig iron is 174 GJ/t alloy (174 GJ/t contained Ni), 369 GJ/t alloy (485 GJ/t contained Ni), 110 GJ/t alloy (309 GJ/t contained Ni), and 60 GJ/t alloy (598 GJ/t contained Ni), respectively. Furthermore, the associated GHG emissions are 14 tCO(2)-eq/t alloy (14 tCO(2)-eq/t contained Ni), 30 t CO2-eq/t alloy (40 t CO2-eq/t contained Ni), 6 t CO2-eq/t alloy (18 t CO2-eq/t contained Ni), and 7 t CO2-eq/t alloy (69 t CO2-eq/t contained Ni). A possible carbon emission reduction can be observed by comparing ore type, ore grade, and electricity source, as well as allocation strategy. The suggested process model overcomes the limitation of a conventional life cycle assessment study which considers the process as a 'black box' and allows for an identification of further possibilities to implement sustainable nickel production.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI AG, 2020
Keywords
nickel, LCA, energy consumption, greenhouse gas emission, material balance, energy balance
National Category
Energy Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-287494 (URN)10.3390/en13215664 (DOI)000589167600001 ()2-s2.0-85105873291 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20210305

Available from: 2021-03-05 Created: 2021-03-05 Last updated: 2023-08-28Bibliographically approved
3. Assessment of Scrap-based Production for Low Phosphorus Stainless Steel
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Assessment of Scrap-based Production for Low Phosphorus Stainless Steel
2018 (English)Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Low phosphorous contents in austenitic stainless steels favours a resistance to stress corrosion cracking and reduces the susceptibility to hot cracking. An industrial problem is that phosphorous cannot be removed from chromium alloyed steels, since oxidation of chromium occurs before phosphorous oxidation. This brings a challenge for scrap-based stainless steelmakers since an accumulation of phosphorous in the steel cycle should be avoided. In this paper, the effects of the phosphorus content in stainless steel scrap have been studied when producing AISI 304-type of stainless steel with low phosphorus level demands. These steels are often produced by melting scrap by using the EAF-AOD route. The influence of scrap with varied phosphor contents on steels has been assessed by using RAWMATMIX®, which is a web-based raw material optimization software.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
China: The Chinese Society for Metals, 2018
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-248992 (URN)
Conference
China Symposium on Sustainable Steelmaking
Note

QC 20220322

Available from: 2019-04-10 Created: 2019-04-10 Last updated: 2022-06-26Bibliographically approved

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