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Exploring tuition fees as a policy instrument of internationalisation in a welfare state – the case of Sweden
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Learning.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9262-2071
KTH, School of Industrial Engineering and Management (ITM), Learning.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2983-5573
2023 (English)In: European Journal of Higher Education, ISSN 2156-8235, E-ISSN 2156-8243, Vol. 13, no 1, p. 102-120Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This article sheds light on some challenges that internationalisation raises for policymakers regarding public funding of higher education in a welfare state by examining policy logics for introducing tuition fees for international students in Sweden 2011. Using thematic analysis of documents related to the Swedish reform, we identify how an increasing number of international students was the perceived policy problem, threatening national students’ access to free higher education. Policy objectives included sharing the cost of internationalisation but also enabling control of cost and influx of international students, enhancing quality and strengthening national branding. Many of these objectives concur with more established understandings on why policymakers turn to the market according to a more neo-liberal ‘market’ logic. However, a policy mix of tuition fees and scholarships enabled a governance model of control, which more relates to a ‘welfare’ logic. Likewise, the policy problem indicates that a search for profit and revenue cannot simply explain tuition fee reforms for international students. By discussing how underlying normative assumptions at the policy formulation stage contrast reality ten years after the reform, it appears that revenue from the global market has been more significant for Swedish policymakers than the rhetoric suggests. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Informa UK Limited , 2023. Vol. 13, no 1, p. 102-120
Keywords [en]
Tuition fees, international students, higher education policy, internationalisation
National Category
Political Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-304601DOI: 10.1080/21568235.2021.1994867ISI: 001130518000004Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85118675386OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-304601DiVA, id: diva2:1609432
Note

QC 20250401

Available from: 2021-11-08 Created: 2021-11-08 Last updated: 2025-09-29Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Reaping opportunities and responding to threats of academic internationalisation: Navigating inherent tensions through a mix of policy instruments
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Reaping opportunities and responding to threats of academic internationalisation: Navigating inherent tensions through a mix of policy instruments
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This thesis investigates how governments respond to the threats and opportunitiesposed by academic internationalisation within an increasingly complex global setting.The primary focus is on the mix of policy instruments employed to navigate thetensions between openness vs protectionism and autonomy vs government control. Focusing on Sweden and the broader Nordic context, the study examines how instruments across three distinct modes – hierarchical, market-based, and networked– are designed, combined and recalibrated to balance competing rationales within ahybrid governance setting. Two research questions guide the analysis: (1) How and why do governments designand implement policy instrument mixes to steer academic internationalisation, andhow are these shaped by competing governance rationales and the tensions between(i) openness and protectionism and (ii) autonomy and state control? (2) How do these policy instrument mixes shape the conditions and trade-offs associated with academicinternationalisation? The conceptual framework emphasises how policy instruments operate in a multilayeredhigher education (HE) system, including government ministries, intermediaryfunding agencies, and higher education institutions (HEIs). By drawing on literaturerelated to hybridity in HE governance, internationalisation, policy instruments, andmetagovernance, the framework establishes a foundation for addressing the research questions. Empirically, the thesis comprises four articles that explore three policy settings:international student recruitment, bilateral research funding/science diplomacy, andresearch security. A qualitative, multi-case policy analysis is employed to illustrate howthese instruments are constructed, interpreted, and implemented across the multilayeredHE policy system. Quantitative data are also partially used to triangulatefindings and to enhance a mixed-methods approach. In the concluding discussion, the thesis highlights the significance of combiningvarious policy instruments, and their relationship to governance modes in establishingconditions for academic internationalisation. Governance is portrayed as a process ofcontinuous recalibration, where autonomy, control, openness, and protectionism arerelational dynamics influenced by instrument design, actor agency and implementationprocesses. From this perspective, the governance of internationalisation is less aboutseeking an optimal balance than about managing ongoing negotiations betweencompeting imperatives, a challenge likely to intensify amid growing geopolitical uncertainties.

Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling studerar hur regeringar svarar på de hot och möjligheter somakademisk internationalisering innebär i en alltmer komplex global kontext. Analysensfokus ligger på hur policyinstrument kombineras och hur de används för att balanseraspänningar mellan öppenhet kontra protektionism och autonomi kontra statligkontroll. Med fokus på Sverige, och en bredare nordisk kontext, undersöks hurinstrument inom tre distinkta styrformer – hierarkiska, marknadsbaserade ochnätverksbaserade – utformas, kombineras och justeras. Två forskningsfrågor vägleder analysen: (1) Hur och varför utformar och genomförregeringar policyinstrumentkombinationer i styrningen av akademiskinternationalisering, och hur formas dessa av spänningar mellan (i) öppenhet ochprotektionism och (ii) autonomi och statlig kontroll? (2) Hur formar dessapolicyinstrument villkor och avvägningar för akademisk internationalisering?Det konceptuella ramverket betonar hur policyinstrument verkar i ett flerskiktathögskolesystem bestående av regeringsdepartement, forskningsfinansiärer ochlärosäten. Med utgångspunkt i litteratur om hybriditet i styrning av högre utbildning,internationalisering, policyinstrument och metastyrning utgör ramverket en grund föratt besvara forskningsfrågorna. Empiriskt består avhandlingen av fyra artiklar som spänner över tre policykontexter:internationell studentrekrytering, bilateralforskningsfinansiering/vetenskapsdiplomati samt forskningssäkerhet. En kvalitativ, flerfallsbaserad policyanalys används för att visa hur instrument konstrueras, tolkasoch implementeras i olika institutionella och nationella kontexter. Kvantitativa dataanvänds också i viss utsträckning, både för att triangulera resultaten och som del av en’mixed methods’-ansats.I den avslutande diskussionen framhäver avhandlingen hur kombinationen av olikapolicyinstrument, och deras koppling till en styrningsform, har betydelse för att skapaförutsättningar för akademisk internationalisering. Styrning framträder som enprocess av kontinuerlig kalibrering, där autonomi, kontroll, öppenhet ochprotektionism inte är binära val utan formade av instrumentens utformning, aktörershandlingsutrymme och implementeringsdynamik. Ur detta perspektiv handlarstyrningen av internationalisering mindre om att söka en optimal balans och mer omatt hantera spänningar mellan konkurrerande imperativ – en utmaning som sannoliktintensifieras i takt med växande geopolitiska osäkerheter.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, 2025. p. ix, 76
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2025:38
Keywords
Internationalisation, policy instrument mix, hybrid governance, science diplomacy, research security, international student recruitment
National Category
Other Social Sciences
Research subject
Technology and Learning
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-370636 (URN)978-91-8106-412-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-10-24, Kollegiesalen / https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/66631031593, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-10-01 Created: 2025-09-29 Last updated: 2025-10-20Bibliographically approved

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Lundin, HansGeschwind, Lars

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