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Strategies to improve and balance the expression levels of recombinant proteins in mammalian cell lines
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science, Protein Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5320-5227
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Proteins are the building blocks of all living organisms enabling us to function and survive. There are more than 100,000 different proteins in the human body performing a variety of vital tasks. Examples of essential proteins are antibodies defending our body against foreign invaders and hemoglobulin responsible for importing oxygen to our cells and exporting carbon dioxide out from our cells. Consequently, mutations leading to dysfunctional proteins is the cause of many known diseases. Fortunately, the advancement of modern medicine has enabled proteins also to be employed as therapeutics to treat and cure various conditions. For instance, human insulin is recombinantly produced in the bacterium E. coli and is used as a biopharmaceutical to treat patients with Diabetes. The increased knowledge about diseases, their cause, and what cellular pathway to target has led to the discovery of many novel and complex biologics. Hence, the manufacturing of biopharmaceuticals is a rapidly emerging field that enables the production of complex molecules that are target-specific, effective, and highly active in the human body. Mammalian cell lines are often the preferred cell factories for manufacturing biologics since they generate proteins with human-like post-translational modifications, which are often essential features to obtain functional, safe, and effective therapeutics. Unfortunately, these life-saving biologics are costly, making them affordable for a fraction of patients worldwide. Therefore, one of the goals of the biotech industry is to make accessible biologics for everyone who needs it regardless of financial background. One way to achieve this goal is to engineer mammalian cell factories to improve the quantity and quality of biopharmaceuticals while reducing the production cost.

The results presented in this thesis are the outcome of five different studies aiming to improve and balance the expression levels of recombinant proteins in mammalian cell lines. In the first study, we investigated the productivity differences between mammalian cell lines from different origins. In the second and third projects, by utilizing transcriptomic analysis, helper genes were identified for improving the quantity and quality of two difficult-to-express biologics. The fourth study generated an easy-to-use toolbox for balancing the expression levels of recombinant proteins in mammalian cell lines. In the final project, the toolbox from the fourth project was employed to develop an in vitro cell-based cancer assay which is a crucial tool in cancer research and drug discovery.

In summary, this thesis provides strategies to improve the production process of biologics in mammalian cell lines and thereby contributes to the goal of offering safe, effective, and affordable medicine to patients in every part of this world.

Abstract [sv]

Proteiner är livets byggstenar och därav nödvändiga för vår överlevnad. Det finns mer än 100,000 olika proteiner i människokroppen som utför åtskilliga och livsviktiga funktioner. Två exempel på viktiga och allmänkända proteiner är antikroppar, kroppens soldater som förvarar oss mot främmande mikroorganismer och hemoglobin som transporterar syre till kroppens olika organ och för bort den giftiga koldioxiden från cellerna. Följaktligen är mutationer som leder till dysfunktionella proteiner den främsta orsaken till majoriteten av kända sjukdomar. Lyckligtvis har den stora framgången inom forskning och medicin möjliggjort användandet av proteiner som läkemedel för behandling av olika sjukdomar. Till exempel är insulin som ett protein och används som läkemedel för diabetiker och som produceras rekombinant i bakterien E. coli. Den ökade kunskapen om sjukdomar, hur de uppkommit och vilka cellulära mekanismer som är viktiga för deras utveckling, har lett till upptäckten av flera nya och komplexa biologiska läkemedel. Detta har lett till att tillverkningen av bioläkemedel har blivit ett snabbt växande område som möjliggör produktion av komplexa molekyler som är målspecifika, effektiva och mycket aktiva i människokroppen. Däggdjurscellinjer är ofta det mest förekommande typen av cellfabriker för tillverkning av biologiska läkemedel då de är kapabla att generera proteiner med modifieringar som liknar det humana och som ofta är väsentliga för att erhålla funktionella, säkra och effektiva läkemedel. Tyvärr är dessa livräddande biologiska läkemedel mycket dyra, vilket gör dem tillgängliga för endast en bråkdel av patienter över hela världen. Därför är ett av målen för bioteknikindustrin att göra biologiska läkemedel tillgängliga för alla som behöver det oavsett ekonomisk bakgrund. Ett sätt att uppnå detta mål är att framställa effektivare däggdjurscellfabriker för att förbättra mängden och kvalitén på bioläkemedel och samtidigt reducera produktionskostnaden.

Resultaten som presenteras i denna avhandling är skörden av fem distinkta studier, som syftar till att förbättra och balansera uttrycksnivåerna av rekombinanta proteiner i däggdjurscellinjer. I den första studien undersökte vi skillnaderna i produktivitet mellan två däggdjurscellinjer från olika ursprung. I det andra och tredje projektet, genom att använda transkriptom-analys, identifierades hjälpargener för att förbättra kvantiteten och kvaliteten på två svåruttryckbara biologiska läkemedel. Den fjärde studien genererade en lättanvänd verktygslåda för att balansera uttrycksnivåerna av rekombinanta proteiner i däggdjurscellinjer. I det sista projektet användes verktygslådan från den fjärde studien för att utveckla en i vitro cellbaserad canceranalys-plattform som är ett verktyg för cancerforskning och upptäckter av nya läkemedel.

Sammanfattningsvis, presenterar denna avhandling verktyg för att kunna förbättra produktionsprocessen av biologiska läkemedel i däggdjurscellinjer och därmed bidrar till målet att erbjuda säkert, effektivt och överkomligt läkemedel till alla patienter i världen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2021. , p. 83
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2021:56
Keywords [en]
CHO, HEK293, Aggregation, Bispecific, Cancer assay, Cell line engineering, sulfatase, biologics, transcriptomic
National Category
Medical Biotechnology (with a focus on Cell Biology (including Stem Cell Biology), Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry or Biopharmacy)
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-305044ISBN: 978-91-8040-075-6 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-305044DiVA, id: diva2:1612732
Public defence
2021-12-16, F3, Lindstedsvägen 26, våningsplan 2, Sing-Sing, KTH campus, Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_8dN2uZ9GS0O3no3ikftPDA, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 2021-11-19

Available from: 2021-11-19 Created: 2021-11-19 Last updated: 2026-03-20Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Harnessing secretory pathway differences between HEK293 and CHO to rescue production of difficult to express proteins
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Harnessing secretory pathway differences between HEK293 and CHO to rescue production of difficult to express proteins
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic) [Artistic work]
Abstract [en]

Biologics represent the fastest growing group of therapeutics, but many advanced recombinant protein moieties remain difficult to produce. Here, we identify bottlenecks limiting expression of recombinant human proteins through a systems biology analysis of the transcriptomes of CHO and HEK293 during recombinant overexpression. Surprisingly, one third of the challenging human proteins displayed improved secretion upon host cell swapping from CHO to HEK293. While most components of the secretory machinery showed comparable expression levels in both expression hosts, genes with significant expression variation were identified. Among these, ATF4, SRP9, JUN, PDIA3 and HSPA8 were validated as productivity boosters in CHO. Further, more heavily glycosylated products benefitted more from the elevated activities of the N- and O-glycosyltransferases found in HEK293. Collectively, our results demonstrate the utilization of HEK293 for expression rescue of human proteins and suggest a methodology for identification of secretory pathway components improving recombinant protein yield in HEK293 and CHO.

Keywords
HEK293, CHO, difficult to express proteins, bioproduction, protein secretion, transcriptomics, differential gene expression analysis, secretory pathway
National Category
Pharmaceutical and Medical Biotechnology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-305009 (URN)
Note

QC 20211119

Available from: 2021-11-18 Created: 2021-11-18 Last updated: 2026-03-19Bibliographically approved
2. Systems biology greatly improve activity of secreted therapeutic sulfatase in CHO bioprocess
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Systems biology greatly improve activity of secreted therapeutic sulfatase in CHO bioprocess
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Rare diseases are, despite their name, collectively common and millions of people are affected daily of conditions where treatment often is unavailable. Sulfatases are a large family of activating enzymes related to several of these diseases. Heritable genetic variations in sulfatases may lead to impaired activity and a reduced macromolecular breakdown within the lysosome, with several severe and lethal conditions as a consequence. While therapeutic options are scarce, treatment for some sulfatase deficiencies by recombinant enzyme replacement are available. However, such recombinant production of sulfatases suffers greatly from low product activity and yield, further limiting accessibility for patient groups. Here, we have addressed this problem by defining key-proteins necessary for active sulfatase secretion by comparison of CHO clones with different levels of production of active sulfatase. Quantitative transcriptomic analysis highlighted 14 key genes associated with sulfatase production, and experimental validation by co-expression improved the sulfatase enzyme activity by up to 150-fold. Furthermore, a correlation between product mRNA levels and sulfatase activity were observed and expression with lower activity promoters showed an increased in sulfatase activity. The workflow devised is general and we propose it to be useful for resolving bottlenecks in cellular machineries for improvement of cell factories for other biologics as well.

National Category
Medical Biotechnology (with a focus on Cell Biology (including Stem Cell Biology), Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry or Biopharmacy)
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-295480 (URN)
Note

QC 20210608

Available from: 2021-05-21 Created: 2021-05-21 Last updated: 2022-07-11Bibliographically approved
3. Autophagy and intracellular product degradation genes reduce aggregation of bispecific antibody in CHO cells with a high translational burden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Autophagy and intracellular product degradation genes reduce aggregation of bispecific antibody in CHO cells with a high translational burden
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic) [Artistic work]
Abstract [en]

Aggregation of therapeutic bispecific antibodies negatively affects the yield, shelf-life, efficacy and safety of the product. Pairs of stable Chinese hamster ovary cell lines produced two difficult- to-express bispecific antibodies with different levels of aggregated product (10-75% aggregate) in a miniaturized bioreactor system. Here, we analyse the cellular response and link to product aggregation by comparative transcriptome analysis of these CHO cells, to define biological causes and infer strategies to improve yield and quality. Differential expression- and gene set analysis revealed upregulated proteosomal degradation, unfolded protein response and autophagy processes to be correlated with reduction of protein aggregation. Fourteen candidate genes with potential to reduce aggregation were co-expressed in the stable clones for validation. Of these, HSP90B1, DDIT3, AK1S1, and ATG16L1, were found to significantly lower aggregation in the stable producers and two (HSP90B1 and DNAJC3) increased trastuzumab titres by 50% each during transient expression. We suggest our approach to be of general use for defining aggregation bottlenecks in CHO.

Keywords
CHO cells, Aggregation, Bispecific, systems biology, ER stress, autophagy
National Category
Pharmaceutical and Medical Biotechnology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-305024 (URN)
Available from: 2021-11-18 Created: 2021-11-18 Last updated: 2026-03-20Bibliographically approved
4. Systematic use of synthetic 5'-UTR RNA structures to tune protein translation improves yield and quality of complex proteins in mammalian cell factories
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Systematic use of synthetic 5'-UTR RNA structures to tune protein translation improves yield and quality of complex proteins in mammalian cell factories
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2020 (English)In: Nucleic Acids Research, ISSN 0305-1048, E-ISSN 1362-4962, Vol. 48, no 20, article id e119Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Predictably regulating protein expression levels to improve recombinant protein production has become an important tool, but is still rarely applied to engineer mammalian cells. We therefore sought to set-up an easy-to-implement toolbox to facilitate fast and reliable regulation of protein expression in mammalian cells by introducing defined RNA hairpins, termed 'regulation elements (RgE)', in the 5'-untranslated region (UTR) to impact translation efficiency. RgEs varying in thermodynamic stability, GC-content and position were added to the 5'-UTR of a fluorescent reporter gene. Predictable translation dosage over two orders of magnitude in mammalian cell lines of hamster and human origin was confirmed by flow cytometry. Tuning heavy chain expression of an IgG with the RgEs to various levels eventually resulted in up to 3.5-fold increased titers and fewer IgG aggregates and fragments in CHO cells. Co-expression of a therapeutic Arylsulfatase-A with RgE-tuned levels of the required helper factor SUMF1 demonstrated that the maximum specific sulfatase activity was already attained at lower SUMF1 expression levels, while specific production rates steadily decreased with increasing helper expression. In summary, we show that defined 5'-UTR RNA-structures represent a valid tool to systematically tune protein expression levels in mammalian cells and eventually help to optimize recombinant protein expression.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Oxford University Press (OUP), 2020
Keywords
cerebroside sulfatase, immunoglobulin G, oxidoreductase, recombinant protein, SUMF1 protein, human, 5' untranslated region, animal, biosynthesis, CHO cell line, conformation, Cricetulus, gene expression, gene expression regulation, gene vector, genetics, HEK293 cell line, human, inverted repeat, metabolism, procedures, protein engineering, protein synthesis, 5' Untranslated Regions, Animals, Cerebroside-Sulfatase, CHO Cells, Genetic Vectors, HEK293 Cells, Humans, Inverted Repeat Sequences, Nucleic Acid Conformation, Oxidoreductases Acting on Sulfur Group Donors, Protein Biosynthesis, Recombinant Proteins
National Category
Medical Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-291401 (URN)10.1093/nar/gkaa847 (DOI)000606018600005 ()33051690 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85096351000 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20210331

Available from: 2021-03-31 Created: 2021-03-31 Last updated: 2023-05-02Bibliographically approved
5. Tuning of PDGFRB density on cell surface allows for selective B cell activation with CD40-targeting bi-specific antibody
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Tuning of PDGFRB density on cell surface allows for selective B cell activation with CD40-targeting bi-specific antibody
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Pharmaceutical and Medical Biotechnology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-305035 (URN)
Note

QC 20211124

Available from: 2021-11-18 Created: 2021-11-18 Last updated: 2025-02-17Bibliographically approved

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Moradi Barzadd, Mona

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