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Two-Dimensional Platinum Diselenide Waveguide-Integrated Infrared Photodetectors
Rhein Westfal TH Aachen, Chair Elect Devices, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.;AMO GmbH, Adv Microelect Ctr Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany..
Univ Bundeswehr Munich, Fac Elect Engn & Informat Technol EIT 2, Inst Phys, D-85577 Neubiberg, Germany.;Univ Bundeswehr Munich, Ctr Integrated Sensor Syst, D-85577 Neubiberg, Germany..
AMO GmbH, Adv Microelect Ctr Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany..
AMO GmbH, Adv Microelect Ctr Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany..
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2022 (English)In: ACS Photonics, E-ISSN 2330-4022, Vol. 9, no 3, p. 859-867Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Low-cost, easily integrable photodetectors (PDs) for silicon (Si) photonics are still a bottleneck for photonic-integrated circuits (PICs), especially for wavelengths above 1.8 mu m. Multilayered platinum diselenide (PtSe2) is a semi-metallic two-dimensional (2D) material that can be synthesized below 450 degrees C. We integrate PtSe2-based PDs directly by conformal growth on Si waveguides. The PDs operate at 1550 nm wavelength with a maximum responsivity of 11 mA/W and response times below 8.4 mu s. Fourier-transform IR spectroscopy in the wavelength range from 1.25 to 28 mu m indicates the suitability of PtSe2 for PDs far into the IR wavelength range. Our PtSe2 PDs integrated by direct growth outperform PtSe2 PDs manufactured by standard 2D layer transfer. The combination of IR responsivity, chemical stability, selective and conformal growth at low temperatures, and the potential for high carrier mobility makes PtSe2 an attractive 2D material for optoelectronics and PICs.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society (ACS) , 2022. Vol. 9, no 3, p. 859-867
Keywords [en]
platinum diselenide, photodetector, silicon photonics, two-dimensional materials, infrared
National Category
Condensed Matter Physics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-311011DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01517ISI: 000776221600017PubMedID: 35308407Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85126302072OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-311011DiVA, id: diva2:1654044
Note

QC 20220426

Available from: 2022-04-26 Created: 2022-04-26 Last updated: 2025-03-28Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Integration of Two-Dimensional Materials for Electronics and Photonics
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Integration of Two-Dimensional Materials for Electronics and Photonics
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Two-dimensional (2D) materials with a thickness on the atomic scale promise to continue the trend of increasing performance in electronics, photonics, and sensing. However, despite record-breaking demonstrations of individual devices, the commercial exploitation of 2D materials is still limited. This constraint is partly because of challenges in integration technologies for manufacturing devices.

This thesis presents manufacturing methods of transferring and patterning 2D materials. On the device level, it investigates the influence of environmental factors on electrical contacts and material properties. Finally, it demonstrates the integration of photodetectors for integrated photonic circuits.

The synthesis of 2D materials requires high process temperatures to obtain high material quality, which precludes the direct synthesis on top of device wafers. Thus, manufacturing requires a transfer of the 2D material from a dedicated growth substrate to the device wafer.This thesis introduces a universal method of transferring 2D materials by wafer bonding. The method targets the integration on top of electronic circuits at the back-end of the line in semiconductor foundries. A variation of the approach suspends free-hanging membranes of 2D materials and stacks layers to 2D material heterostructures. 

The patterning of 2D materials is a fundamental step in device fabrication. However, standard lithographic methods cause residues of protective resists that degrade the device performance. This thesis presents a non-contact and resist-free method of patterning 2D materials with nanoscale precision by laser direct writing with an off-the-shelf system.

The electrical contact resistance between metal electrodes and 2D materials significantly affects the performance of devices. This thesis investigates the influence of humidity on the contact resistance and sheet resistance of graphene. This insight is essential for operation in ambient environments without encapsulation or hermetic packaging.

Multilayered platinum diselenide (PtSe2) is a semimetallic 2D material that can be synthesized below 450 degree Celsius. This thesis demonstrates the integration of PtSe2 photodetectors with silicon waveguides by direct growth on the device substrate. The photodetectors operate at infrared wavelength, which is promising for integrated photonic circuits.

Abstract [sv]

Tvådimensionella (2D) material med en tjocklek på atomskala tros fortsätta trenden med ökad prestanda inom elektronik, fotonik och sensorer. Trots att individuella chip slår nya rekord så är det kommersiella nyttjandet av dessa material begränsat. Den här begränsningen beror delvis på utmaningar inom integreringstekniker för att tillverka dessa chip. 

Den här avhandlingen presenterar tillverkningsmetoder för överföring och mönstring av 2D-material. På chip-nivå utforskar den hur miljöfaktorer påverkar de elektriska kontakterna och materialegenskaperna. Slutligen demonstrerar den integration av fotodetektorer för integrerade fotoniska kretsar. 

Syntesen av 2D-material kräver höga processtemperaturer för att uppnå hög kvalitet på materialet, vilket utesluter syntes direkt på ovansidan av en device wafer. Tillverkningen kräver därför en överföring av 2D-materialet från ett dedikerat substrat för tillväxt till en device wafer. Den här avhandlingen introducerar en universell metod för överföring av 2D-material genom wafer bonding. Metoden är tänkt att innefatta integrering ovanpå elektroniska kretsar vid slutet av processen i halvledarfabriker. En variation av metoden leder till suspenderade frihängande membran av 2D-material och staplar lager av dessa för att bilda heterostrukturer av 2D-material.

Mönstringen av 2D-material är en fundamental del i chiptillverkningen. Standardiserade litografiska metoder skapar dock rester av skyddande fotoresist som degraderar prestandan hos chipen. Den här avhandlingen presenterar en metod för att mönstra 2D-material som är kontakt- och fotoresistfri och som uppnår nanometer-precision genom direkt lasermönstring med ett kommersiellt tillgängligt system. 

Den elektroniska kontaktresistansen mellan metallelektroder och 2D-material har en signifikant påverkan på chipens prestanda. Den här avhandlingen undersöker hur luftfuktighet påverkar kontakt- och skiktresistansen av grafen. Denna insikt är viktig för prestandan i vanliga miljöer utan inkapsling eller hermetisk förslutning.

Multilager av platinadiselenid (PtSe2) är ett semi-metalliskt 2D-material som kan syntetiseras under 450 degree Celsius. Den här avhandlingen demonstrerar integrationen av fotodetektorer i PtSe2 med vågledare i kisel genom direkt tillväxt på chip-substratet. Dessa fotodetektorer opererar i infraröda våglängder, vilket är lovande för integrerade fotoniska kretsar. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022. p. 71
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2022:40
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Research subject
Electrical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-312707 (URN)978-91-8040-262-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-06-15, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26 & 28, Stockholm, 14:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20220520

Available from: 2022-05-20 Created: 2022-05-20 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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Quellmalz, ArneGylfason, Kristinn

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