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Optically poled fibers for electro-optic applications
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Laser Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8673-2880
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The work presented in this thesis shows the development of optically poleddevices for use in electro-optic experiments. In the form of papers published,it describes three optical poling methods: green light poling (Paper I), poling with a UV lamp (Paper II), and corona discharge poling (Paper V).Applications using the poled components are studied in distributed sensingby exploring Rayleigh scattering in poled fibers (Paper III), intermodal interference in poled fibers (Paper IV), and FBG inscribed in poled fibers forvoltage sensing (Paper VI).In thermal poling, heat increases the mobility of added ions to the fiber.An external electric field displaces the charges creating a depletion regionclose to the anode, where the fiber core is usually positioned. The proximityof the metal electrode to the core can cause optical losses, making electrooptic applications less efficient. The need for additional dopant in the preformcan make the production of these devices expensive.Optical poling explores the presence of Ge E’ centers in the fiber core torelease charges after light excitation. These centers are already present in anyfiber with Ge in the core. This enables the development of a fiber for opticalpoling very similar to a standard telecom fiber, making it cheaper and easyto integrate with standard components. Optical poling does not rely on theformation of a depleted region in the cladding, and the core can be positionedfar from the metal electrodes. This advantage allows low-loss electro-opticcomponents to be fabricated.Optical poling is usually thought to have lower induced effects when compared with thermal poling. In this work, experiments with optical polingwere made to study the possibility of increasing the induced second-ordernonlinearities to a level comparable with thermal poling.The fabricated poled fibers were used to investigate their potential usein fiber sensing. The emphasis was to explore new technologies such as CPϕOTDR, few-mode fiber sensing, which gained attention in the latest years,and FBGs, which is a mature technology.The results presented in the Papers I-VI show the advances and potentialapplications explored. 

Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling behandlar optiskt polade fibrer och deras användningi elektro-optiska experiment. Tre olika polningsmetoder har utvecklats ochutvärderats; polning med grönt ljus, (artikel I), polning med hjälp av en UVlampa (artikel II) och Coronaurladdningspolning (artikel III). De poladefibrerna utvärderades som komponenter i olika distribuerade sensorexperiment. I artikel II utnyttjades Rayleighspridning i fibrerna, i artikel IVutnyttjades intermodal interferens i de polade fibrerna och i artikel VI användes fiber-Braggitter (FBG) i de polade fibrerna för spänningsmätning.Vid termisk polning ökar man jonmobiliteten när fibern värms upp. Medett pålagt elektriskt fält, mellan anoden inne i fibern och katoden utanför,separeras positiva och negativa joner och ett utarmningsområde skapas vidanoden. Efter att jonerna migrerat och temperaturen sänkts fryser jonernainne på sin nya plats och ett motriktat fält uppstår när det pålagda slås ifrån.Eftersom kärnan är positionerad precis intill anoden hamnar det elektriskafältet över densamma, vilket bryter symmetrin och ger fibern en artificiellinducerad ickelinjäritet. Ett problem kan dock uppstå om avståndet är förkort mellan metallelektroden (anoden) och kärnan, varvid man får betydandeutbredningsförluster för ljuset, och i sin tur begränsningar för dess användningi tillämpningen.Optisk polning utnyttjar närvaron av Ge E’ center i fiberkärnan för attfrigöra laddningar vid ljusexcitation. Germanium, och därmed Ge E’ center,finns som en naturlig dopning i kärnan i standard telekommunikationsfibrer.De väletablerade tillverkningsmetoderna för standardfiber kan alltså användasför att framställa fibrer för polning. Fibrerna blir därmed relativt billiga ochde kan lätt integreras med telekommunikationskomponenter. Optisk polningkräver inget utarmningsområde i manteln, och kärnan kan därmed placeraslängre ifrån anoden. Detta gör att man får elektro-optiska komponenter medlåga utbredningsförluster.Tidigare var hypotesen att optisk polning gav lägre inducerad ickelinjäritet än termisk polning, och att metoden därmed skulle vara mindre användbar. I detta arbete har vi undersökt möjligheten att skapa en induceradickelinjäritet jämförbar med den som åstadkoms vid termisk polning.De polade fibrerna vi tillverkade utvärderades i flera olika nya fibersensorkoncept. Dessa var CP-ffOTDR, få-mods fibersensorer, och polade fibergittersensorer.Resultaten presenteras i de sex artiklarna och visar på de betydande framsteg vi nått med fiberpolning och potentialen i de testade tillämpningarna.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2022.
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2022:33
National Category
Condensed Matter Physics
Research subject
Physics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-312429ISBN: 978-91-8040-288-0 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-312429DiVA, id: diva2:1659010
Public defence
2022-06-15, FD5, Roslagstullsbacken 2, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 220525

Available from: 2022-05-25 Created: 2022-05-18 Last updated: 2022-12-07Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Optical creation and erasure of the linear electrooptical effect in silica fiber
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Optical creation and erasure of the linear electrooptical effect in silica fiber
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2015 (English)In: Optics Express, E-ISSN 1094-4087, Vol. 23, no 14, p. 18060-18069Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

We study the creation and erasure of the linear electrooptical effect in silicate fibers by optical poling. Carriers are released by exposure to green light and displaced with simultaneous application of an internal dc field. The second order nonlinear coefficient induced grows with poling bias. The field recorded (similar to 10(8) V/m) is comparable to that obtained through classical thermal poling of fibers. In the regime studied here, the second-order nonlinearity induced (similar to 0.06 pm/V) is limited by the field applied during poling (1.2 x 10(8) V/m). Optical erasure with high-power green light alone is very efficient. The dynamics of the writing and erasing process is discussed, and the two dimensional (2D) field distribution across the fiber is simulated. (C) 2015 Optical Society of America

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Optical Society of America, 2015
Keywords
Induced 2nd-order nonlinearities, frequency-doubling fibers, thermally poled fibers, electric-field, 2nd-harmonic generation, fused-silica, germanosilicate fiber, gratings, glass, modulation
National Category
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-174944 (URN)10.1364/OE.23.018060 (DOI)000361033900039 ()26191865 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-84957546420 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council
Note

QC 20151019

Available from: 2015-10-19 Created: 2015-10-09 Last updated: 2023-07-24Bibliographically approved
2. Linear electro-optical effect in silica fibers poled with ultraviolet lamp
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Linear electro-optical effect in silica fibers poled with ultraviolet lamp
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2019 (English)In: Optics Express, E-ISSN 1094-4087, Vol. 27, no 10, p. 14893-14902Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A second-order nonlinearity was induced in silica fibers poled by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and simultaneous high voltage applied to internal electrodes. The UV light source was a tubular lamp with spectral peak at 254 urn. The highest second-order nonlinear coefficient measured through the linear electro-optic effect was 0.062 pm/V. The erasure of the recorded voltage with UV excitation was studied, and the stability of the poled fiber at a temperature exceeding similar to 400 K was in estigated. By eliminating the use of a focused laser beam as excitation source, the technique enables poling many pieces of fiber in parallel. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
OPTICAL SOC AMER, 2019
National Category
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-253739 (URN)10.1364/OE.27.014893 (DOI)000469220500112 ()31163930 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85065813577 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20190617

Available from: 2019-06-17 Created: 2019-06-17 Last updated: 2023-03-31Bibliographically approved
3. Towards Distributed Measurements of Electric Fields Using Optical Fibers: Proposal and Proof-Of-Concept Experiment
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Towards Distributed Measurements of Electric Fields Using Optical Fibers: Proposal and Proof-Of-Concept Experiment
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2020 (English)In: Sensors, E-ISSN 1424-8220, Vol. 20, no 16, p. 4461-4461Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Nowadays there is an increasing demand for the cost-effective monitoring of potential threats to the integrity of high-voltage networks and electric power infrastructures. Optical fiber sensors are a particularly interesting solution for applications in these environments, due to their low cost and positive intrinsic features, including small size and weight, dielectric properties, and invulnerability to electromagnetic interference (EMI). However, due precisely to their intrinsic EMI-immune nature, the development of a distributed optical fiber sensing solution for the detection of partial discharges and external electrical fields is in principle very challenging. Here, we propose a method to exploit the third-order and second-order nonlinear effects in silica fibers, as a means to achieve highly sensitive distributed measurements of external electrical fields in real time. By monitoring the electric-field-induced variations in the refractive index using a highly sensitive Rayleigh-based CP-ϕOTDR scheme, we demonstrate the distributed detection of Kerr and Pockels electro-optic effects, and how those can assign a new sensing dimension to optical fibers, transducing external electric fields into visible minute disturbances in the guided light. The proposed sensing configuration, electro-optical time domain reflectometry, is validated both theoretically and experimentally, showing experimental second-order and third-order nonlinear coefficients, respectively, of χ(2) ~ 0.27 × 10−12 m/V and χ(3) ~ 2.5 × 10−22 m2 /V2 for silica fibers.

National Category
Condensed Matter Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-312423 (URN)10.3390/s20164461 (DOI)000567301800001 ()32785042 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85089349368 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20220614

Available from: 2022-05-18 Created: 2022-05-18 Last updated: 2024-03-15Bibliographically approved
4. Electrooptic control of the modal distribution in a silicate fiber
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Electrooptic control of the modal distribution in a silicate fiber
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2022 (English)In: Optics Express, E-ISSN 1094-4087, Vol. 30, no 8, p. 12474-12483Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

We demonstrate the use of the electrooptic effect to control the propagation constant of the guided modes in silicate few mode fibers with internal electrodes. The electrooptic effect induces a perturbation of the fiber's refractive index profile that controls intermodal interference. To increase the electrooptic effect the silicate fibers are poled. The response time is in the nanosecond range. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Optica Publishing Group, 2022
National Category
Subatomic Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-311665 (URN)10.1364/OE.453006 (DOI)000781729800023 ()35472882 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85127485791 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20220502

Available from: 2022-05-02 Created: 2022-05-02 Last updated: 2023-03-31Bibliographically approved
5. Optical poling by means of electrical corona discharge
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Optical poling by means of electrical corona discharge
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2022 (English)In: Optics Express, E-ISSN 1094-4087, Vol. 30, no 12, p. 20605-20613Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Electrical corona discharge is employed in this work to deposit ions on the surface of an optical fiber, creating a strong electric field that is used for poling. Green laser light propagating in the core frees photocarriers that are displaced by the poling field. The technique presented can induce a higher optical nonlinearity than previously obtained in traditional optical poling with internal metal electrodes. To date, a maximum second order nonlinearity 0.13 pm/V has been achieved for a 15 kV corona discharge bias.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Optica Publishing Group, 2022
National Category
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-312426 (URN)10.1364/oe.458459 (DOI)000810533400036 ()36224801 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85131262162 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20220617

Available from: 2022-05-18 Created: 2022-05-18 Last updated: 2023-06-08Bibliographically approved
6. Voltage sensing using poled fibers and FBG
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Voltage sensing using poled fibers and FBG
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2022 (English)In: Article in journal (Other academic) Submitted
National Category
Condensed Matter Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-312428 (URN)
Note

QC 20220531

Available from: 2022-05-18 Created: 2022-05-18 Last updated: 2023-03-31Bibliographically approved

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