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Frequency Stability of Power Electronic Based Power System with 100% Renewable Energy.
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS).
2022 (English)Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
Abstract [en]

The modern power system is aiming to progress away from conventional synchronous machine  based power generation towards converter dominated system that leads to extensively high penetration of renewable energy such as wind and PV. This transition of modern power system toward converter based renewable energy comes with new challenges as the conventional synchronous generation is being replaced by converter based power system (CBPS). The converter is commonly interfaced to the power system with Phase Locked Loop (PLL) technique to synchronize the converter with the grid voltage angle and inject the current at the right angle. Therefore, this approach is called grid- ­following converter; this type of configuration of converters may lead to some power system instabilities (e.g., voltage instability, frequency instability, synchronous and sub­synchronous instabilities). In order to overcome the limitation of the grid-­following converters, another converter control concept become present in the literature as a grid-­forming converter where the synchronizing method to the grid eliminates the need for PLL .In this thesis, a grid- ­forming controlled power converter is implemented with an energy storage system to emulate the inertia of the synchronous generator through the VSM control concept. An electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulation has been modeled in the PSCAD simulation environment. The model is the well­known four-­machine two-­area power system. The model has been tested by incrementally replacing the synchronous machines with wind farms connected through power converters; this weakens the grid and may lead to frequency instability during a disturbing event. An Energy Storage System (ESS) has been implemented and added to the system to mitigate the loss of the kinetic energy of the rotating masses of the synchronous generators. The ESS is integrated with a grid-­forming converter that is controlled to mimic the dynamic behavior of a synchronous generator. Thus, the ESS is synchronized to the system based on the swing equation of the synchronous generator. The results show significant improvements in the frequency stability of the system under study.

Abstract [sv]

Det moderna energisystemet har som mål att bortgå från den konventionella synkronmaskinbaserade energiförsörjning mot ett konverteringsdominerat system som leder till  en mycket hög penetration av förnybar energi, som tillexempel vind och solenergi. Den här övergången av modernt energisystem mot konverteringsbaserad förnybar energi medför nya utmaningar i och med att konventionell synkrongenerering byts ut mot konverterarbaserat energisystem (Converter Based Power System, CBPS) . Konverteraren är ofta integrerad i energisystemet via Phase Locked Loop ­teknik (PLL) för att synkronisera konverteraren med kraftnätets spänningsvinkel och injicera strömmen i rätt vinkel. Det här tillvägagångssättet kallas därför för nätföljande konvertering; denna typ av konfiguration av konverterare kan leda till instabilitet i energisystemet (t.ex. instabil elektrisk spänning, frekvensinstabilitet, synkron och sub- ­synkron instabilitet). För att hantera begränsningarna som nätföljande konverterare träder ett koncept om ytterligare en konverteringskontroll fram i litteratur, i form av en nätformande konverterare där synkroniseringsmetoden i nätet eliminerar behovet av PLL.I denna avhandling implementeras en nätformande konverterare med ett energiförvaringssystem för att emulera trögheten i synkrongeneratorn genom VSM-­styrkonceptet. En elektromagnetisk transientsimulering (EMT) har modellerats i simuleringsmiljön PSCAD. Modellen är det välkända energisystemet med fyra maskiner och två områden. Modellen har testats genom att stegvis byta ut synkronmaskinerna med vindkraftverk anslutna genom energikonverterare; detta gör nätet svagare och kan leda till frekvensinstabilitet vid en störande händelse. Ett energiförvaringssystem (Energy Storage System, ESS) har implementerats och kopplats till systemet för att mildra förlusten av kinetisk energi i de roterande massorna hos synkrongeneratorerna. Energiförvaringssystemet ESS är integrerat med en nätformande konverterare som styrs för att härma det dynamiska uppförandet av en synkrongenerator. Således är ESS synkroniserat med systemet baserat påsynkrongeneratorns svängekvation. Resultaten visar betydelsefulla förbättringar av frekvensstabiliteten i systemet under studien.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2022. , p. 68
Series
TRITA-EECS-EX ; 2022:92
Keywords [en]
energy storage, frequency control, synchronous generators, distributed power generation, virtual synchronous machine (VSM), PSCAD.
Keywords [sv]
energilagringssystem, frekvenskontroll, synkrona generatorer, distribuerad kraftproduktion, virtuell synkron maskin, PSCAD.
National Category
Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-312790OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-312790DiVA, id: diva2:1660097
External cooperation
Hitachi ABB Power Grids, Corporate Research
Subject / course
Electrical Engineering
Educational program
Master of Science - Electric Power Engineering
Supervisors
Examiners
Available from: 2022-05-30 Created: 2022-05-23 Last updated: 2022-06-25Bibliographically approved

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Citation style
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