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An Experimental Study on a Wind Turbine Rotor Affected by Pitch Imbalance
Univ Modena & Reggio Emilia, Dept Engn, I-41121 Modena, Italy..
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2296-3794
Univ Bologna, Dept Ind Engn, I-40126 Bologna, Italy..
Uppsala Univ, Dept Earth Sci, S-75236 Uppsala, Sweden..
2022 (English)In: Energies, E-ISSN 1996-1073, Vol. 15, no 22, article id 8665Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

An experimental and numerical investigation about the pitch imbalance effect on a wind turbine model is performed. The characterization of the power losses and loads generated on a small-scale model and the validation of an analytical framework for the performance of unbalanced rotors are proposed. Starting from the optimal collective pitch assessment (performed to identify the condition with the maximum power coefficient), the pitch of just one blade was systematically changed: it is seen that the presence of a pitch misalignment is associated with a degradation of the turbine performance, visible both from experiments and from Blade Element Momentum (BEM) calculations (modified to account for the load asymmetry). Up to 30% power losses and a 15% thrust increase are achievable when an imbalanced rotor operates at tip speed ratios around five, clearly highlighting the importance of avoiding this phenomenon when dealing with industrial applications. The numerical model predicts this result within 5% accuracy. Additional numerical simulations showed that, away from the optimal collective pitch, the blade imbalance can provide a power increase or a power decrease with respect to the balanced case, suggesting how an operator can maximise the production of an unbalanced rotor. An analysis of the axial and lateral forces showed a sensitivity of the loads' standard deviation when imbalance is present. An increase of the lateral loads was observed in all unbalanced cases.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI AG , 2022. Vol. 15, no 22, article id 8665
Keywords [en]
wind turbine aerodynamics, BEM, pitch imbalance
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-322336DOI: 10.3390/en15228665ISI: 000887262400001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85142625798OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-322336DiVA, id: diva2:1717775
Note

QC 20221209

Available from: 2022-12-09 Created: 2022-12-09 Last updated: 2025-10-09Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. On wake-steering control: an experimental study on wind-farm optimization
Open this publication in new window or tab >>On wake-steering control: an experimental study on wind-farm optimization
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Om vakstyrning: en experimentell studie om vindparksoptimering
Abstract [en]

Wake interactions between upstream and downstream turbines in wind farms lead to substantial power losses and accelerate structural fatigue, thereby shortening the rotors lifespan. To mitigate these effects and increase the economic viability of wind power, extensive research has focused on developing flow-control strategies aimed at minimizing wake-induced losses. Among these, wake-steering control has proven particularly effective. This technique consists of misaligning, or yawing, specific turbines with respect to the incoming-wind direction, thus inducing lateral forces that deflect their wakes away from downstream machines. When the angles are optimised, the increased wind speed experienced by downwind turbines results in energy gains that exceed the losses incurred by the yawed rotors, amounting to an overall enhancement in farm efficiency. The feasibility of wake-steering control has been demonstrated in windtunnel experiments and numerical simulations. Yet, the reported gains in power output and the corresponding optimal yaw angles exhibit considerable variability. In addition, the majority of these investigations involved only a limited number of turbines, often arranged in a single streamwise-aligned column. This thesis presents a series of wind-tunnel experiments designed to quantify the efficacy of wake-steering control on wind farms composed of a large number of turbines arranged in multiple columns. An experimental setup was developed to enable automated control and performance monitoring of a wind farm subjected to a replicated atmospheric boundary layer inflow. Initially, the wake properties of an isolated turbine were characterised for various yaw angles and inflow conditions. A systematic evaluation of numerous yaw-angle configurations was then conducted in wind farms consisting of 9 and 20 turbines, yielding maximum power enhancements of 5.3% and 2.7%, respectively. The findings indicate that the efficacy of wake steering diminishes with increasing free-stream velocity. Additionally, qualitative differences were observed in the responses of individual columns, likely attributable to their position within the array and to inter-column interactions.

Abstract [sv]

Vakväxelverkan mellan uppströms och nedströms turbiner i vindkraftsparker leder till betydande effektförluster och påskyndar den strukturella utmattningen, vilket i sin tur förkortar livslängden av turbinernas rotorer. För att motverka dessa effekter och öka vindkraftens ekonomiska lönsamhet har omfattande forskning fokuserat på att utveckla flödeskontrollstrategier som syftar till att minimera vakrelaterade förluster. Bland dessa har vakstyrning visat sig vara särskilt effektiv. Tekniken går ut på att felrikta (gira) utvalda turbiner i förhållande till den inkommande vindriktningen. Detta skapar laterala krafter som böjer av turbinernas vakar från nedströms turbiner. När styrningen är optimerad kan de förbättrade inflödesförhållandena för nedströms turbiner ge upphov till energivinster som överstiger de effektförluster som orsakas av girningen, vilket resulterar i en total ökning av parkens effektuttag. Vakstyrningens potential har tidigare demonstrerats i både vindtunnelexperiment och numeriska simuleringar. Sammantaget uppvisar dock de rapporterade effektökningarna och motsvarande optimala girvinklar en betydande variation. Dessutom har de flesta tidigare studier begränsats till ett fåtal turbiner, ofta arrangerade i en enkel rad av turbiner i strömningsriktningen. I denna avhandling presenteras en serie vindtunnelexperiment med syfte att kvantifiera effektiviteten av vakstyrning i vindkraftparker bestående av ett större antal turbiner arrangerade i flera rader i strömningsriktningen. För detta ändamål har en ny vindturbinmodell designats, tillverkats och testats. Vidare har en helt ny experimentell uppställning utvecklats, som möjliggör automatiserad styrning och prestandaövervakning av en vindkraftpark som opererar i ett replikerat atmosfäriskt gränsskikt. Först karakteriserades vakegenskaperna hos en isolerad turbin för olika girvinklar och inflödesförhållanden. Därefter utvärderades systematiskt ett stort antal girvinkelkonfigurationer i vindkraftparker bestående av 9 respektive 20 turbiner, vilket resulterade i maximala effektökningar på 5.3% respektive 2.7%. Resultaten visar att vakstyrningens effektivitet minskar med ökande vindhastighet i det fria inflödet. Vidare observerades kvalitativa skillnader i hur enskilda rader svarade på styrningen, vilket sannolikt beror på position i vindparken och på interaktioner mellan olika kolumner.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 220
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2025:49
Keywords
wind-farm control, wakes, wind energy
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Research subject
Engineering Mechanics; Energy Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-371421 (URN)978-91-8106-399-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-10-31, F3 (Flodis), Lindstedtsvägen 26 & 28, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/63329835473, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
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Note

QC 251010

Available from: 2025-10-10 Created: 2025-10-09 Last updated: 2025-10-27Bibliographically approved

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