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Multi-Agent Mission Planning and Execution for Small Autonomous Underwater Vehicles
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Robotics, Perception and Learning, RPL.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5656-0259
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Our planet is mostly covered in water, most of it still unexplored.In order to understand our environment better, oceanographers have been mapping and monitoring these waters using ship-mounted sensors and wired vehicles with limited range compared to the vastness of the oceans.The limited range and dependence on manned support vehicles has kept missions expensive and infrequent.To solve this problem, the sensors need to become independent of support vehicles, they need to venture into completely unexplored, unmapped regions of the seas by themselves and safely return with the data.This is where autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) have started to make a difference.In this thesis we investigate how multiple small AUVs can be utilized to efficiently and accurately sense very large volumes of water.

Water absorbs electromagnetic radiation, meaning satellite-based global positioning systems (we will use GPS to refer to any such system), wide-angle cameras and radio communications are infeasible.These constraints ultimately result in uncertain localization of  the vehicles.Furthermore, the vehicles are under constant disturbances from the water currents, fish and bio-fouling, which result in the dynamics of the vehicles being uncertain or even changing during the mission.

In the first part of this thesis, we focus on the large-scale sensing problem under localization uncertainties by examining the caging and coverage problems.In the coverage problem, each AUV is uncertain about its exact position while tasked with sensing a stationary area.We show that we can still guarantee complete coverage and formulate the efficiency characteristics of different approaches.Furthermore, we show that when the vehicles are equipped with sensors and low-bandwidth communication methods, we can increase the effective range of a team of AUVs considerably by utilizing loop-closures over shared pose-graphs. In the caging problem, the localization uncertainty is focused on the entity that is being caged, its location is unknown but bounded.We show that through a combination of algorithms, the caging problem can be solved and a solution can be guaranteed, while simultaneously producing a list of specifications for the mission.

In the second part, we focus on the individuals of the team and what they need to do in order for the team of AUVs to succeed.First, we identify that when there is a team of cooperative vehicles working together, conflicting goals rise.Each vehicle needs to pick between satisfying its own constraints and the constraints that come from being in a team. We propose a solution to this problem through a combination of Control Barrier Function (CBF) and Behavior Trees (BT).Secondly, we examine the possibility that a vehicle might undergo physical changes, like a broken thruster, that result in the vehicle being unable to complete the entire mission.Even in such a scenario, if the broken vehicle can still move to contact a normal one, the rest of the team can compensate through re-planning and the overall mission can still be completed.To do so, the broken vehicle must compensate for the change until a rendezvous.We propose a data-driven pipeline that can detect and plan around such a physical change within some bounds.

Abstract [sv]

Vår planet är till största delen täckt av sjöar och hav, och en stor del av dessa är fortfarande outforskade. För att bättre förstå vår omvärld har oceanografer undersökt sjöar och hav med sensorer som antingen varit fast monterade på stora bemannade fartyg, eller på undervattensfarkoster som styrtsvia kablar från sådana fartyg. Detta beroende av fartyg har gjort uppdragen dyra och därför även få. För att lösa detta problem måste sensorplattformarna göras oberoende av kablar och bemannade fartyg, och ges förmåga att på egen hand bege sig in i outforskade områden och sedan komma tillbaka igen med ny information. Sådana sensorplattformar kallas AUV, Autonomous Underwater Vehicles, och i denna avhandling undersöker vi hur en grupp AUV:erkan användas för att söka av stora vattenvolymer på egen hand. Undervattensdomänen är förknippad med ett antal unika problem. Vatten absorberar elektromagnetisk strålning, vilket gör satellitnavigering (t.ex.GPS) och radiokommunikation oanvändbart i praktiken, vilket i sin tur leder till att det är svårt att bestämma sin egen position under vattnet. Vidare gör strömmar, vattendjur och s.k. biofouling (att t.ex. alger och smådjur växer där man inte vill ha dem) att en farkosts dynamik kan ändras över tid i vattnet.

I denna avhandlings första del studerar vi storskalig övervakning under positionsosäkerheter i form av instängnings- (caging) och yttäcknings-problem(coverage). I yttäckningsproblemet skall UAV:n söka av en given yta, samtidigt som UAV:n är osäker på sin egen position. Vi visar att det trots detta är möjligt att garantera total täckning av ytan, och beskriver hur effektiva olika sökmönster är för denna uppgift. Vidare visar vi hur en grupp av UAV:er utrustade med sensorer och akustiska modem med låg bandbredd kan lösadenna uppgift mer effektivt än enskilda UAV:er, genom s.k. loop closures och delande av tillståndsgrafer. I instängningsproblemet gäller positionsosäkerheten istället en inkräktare, t.ex. en fientlig ubåt, vars position är känd på ett ungefär, men inte exakt. Vi visar att man kan bestämma positionen exakt genom en kombination av algoritmer som först stänger in inkräktaren och sedan gradvis krymper den volym den kan uppehålla sig i. Vi beräknar också vilka prestanda systemet måste uppfylla för att kunna garantera instängning. I avhandlingens andra del fokuserar vi på de enskilda AUV:erna, och vad de måste göra för att hela gruppen skall lyckas med sitt uppdrag. Först noterar vi att när en grupp samarbetar så kommer det att uppstå målkonflikter. Vid vissa tidpunkter kommer individer att tvingas välja mellan egna mål, som t.ex. att inte få slut på batteri, och gruppens mål, som t.ex. att täcka av ett område. Vi föreslår en lösning till detta problem som bygger på kombinationen av s.k. Control Barrier Functions (CBF) och Beteendeträd (BT). Sedan undersöker vi fallet då en AUV påverkas av förändringar, så som en skadad propeller, som gör att den inte kan fullgöra den ursprungliga uppgiften. I ett sådant scenario vill man att den skadade farkosten skall försöka ta sig till en punkt där den kan kontakta resten av gruppen, så att de kan kompensera bortfallet. Vi föreslår en data-driven metod för som kan upptäcka och hantera vissa typer av sådana fel.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. , p. 57
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2023:5
Keywords [en]
Underwater vehicles, collaborative, robotics, auv, navigation, coverage, search, slam, graph-slam, communication, control barrier functions, control, swarms, caging, capture
National Category
Robotics and automation
Research subject
Computer Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-322817ISBN: 978-91-8040-453-2 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-322817DiVA, id: diva2:1724388
Public defence
2023-02-02, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/63193775118, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, IRC15-0046
Note

QC 20230109

Available from: 2023-01-09 Created: 2023-01-06 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Efficient Navigation Aware Seabed Coverage using AUVs
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Efficient Navigation Aware Seabed Coverage using AUVs
2021 (English)In: Proceedings of 2021 IEEE International Conference on Safety, Security, and Rescue Robotics (SSRR), October 25-27 2021, New York, USA., 2021Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Area coverage and robot navigation are two  important research fields within robotics. However, their intersection has received limited attention. In coverage problems, perfect navigation is often assumed, and in robot navigation, the focus is often to minimize the localization error while traveling a given trajectory.The need for integration of the two becomes clear in environments with very sparse features or landmarks, for example when an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) is to search the seafloor for dangerous objects, such as mines.The potential consequences of missing a mine due to navigation errors can be catastrophic.If the localization error is large, a trajectory that was designed to guarantee complete coverage might have missed significant parts of the area. Thus, the coverage trajectory must be planned with the navigation performance in mind, applying a combination of using large enough planned overlaps of sensor footprints to account for the position uncertainty, and reducing this uncertainty by re-visiting the known sparse landmarks.

In this paper we compute trajectories that guarantee coverage for a given area under assumptions on worst case localization error growth.We further more compute upper bounds for how large areas can be covered using common coverage patterns and a single landmark, which leads to bounds on how sparse the landmarks can be in the regions to be covered.

Keywords
Robotics, Autonomous Vehicles, Underwater Vehicles, Coverage
National Category
Robotics and automation
Research subject
Computer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-300748 (URN)
Conference
IEEE International Conference on Safety, Security, and Rescue Robotics (SSRR)
Projects
Swedish Maritime Research Centre (SMaRC)
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research , IRC15-0046
Available from: 2021-09-01 Created: 2021-09-01 Last updated: 2025-02-09
2. Collaborative Navigation-Aware Coverage in Feature-Poor Environments
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Collaborative Navigation-Aware Coverage in Feature-Poor Environments
2022 (English)In: International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), 2022, 2022Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Multi agent coverage and robot navigation are two very important research fields within robotics. However, their intersection has received limited attention. In multi agent coverage, perfect navigation is often assumed, and in robot navigation,  the focus is often to minimize the localization error with the aid of stationary features from the environment.The need for integration of the two becomes clear in environments with very sparse features or landmarks, for example when a group of Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) are to search a uniform seafloor for mines or other dangerous objects.In such environments, localization systems are often deprived of detectable features to use that could increase their accuracy.In this paper we propose an algorithm for doing navigation aware multi agent coverage in areas with no landmarks.Instead of using identical lawn mower patterns, we propose to mirror every other pattern to enable the agents to meet up and makeinter-agent measurements and share information regularly. This improves performance in two ways,global drift in relation to the area to be covered is reduced, and local coverage gaps between adjacent patterns are reduced.Further, we show that this can be accomplished within the constraints of very limited sensing, computing and communication resources that most AUVs have available.The effectiveness of our method is shown through statistically significant simulated experiments.

Keywords
Underwater vehicles, collaborative, robotics, auv, navigation, slam, graph-slam, communication
National Category
Computer Systems
Research subject
Computer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-322734 (URN)
Conference
International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS)
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, IRC15-0046
Note

QC 20230117

Available from: 2023-01-02 Created: 2023-01-02 Last updated: 2023-01-17Bibliographically approved
3. Underwater Caging and Capture for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Underwater Caging and Capture for Autonomous Underwater Vehicles
2020 (English)In: Global Oceans 2020: Singapore - U.S. Gulf Coast, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2020Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In this paper, we consider the problem of caging and eventual capture of an underwater entity using multiple Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) in a 3D water volume We solve this problem both with and without taking bathymetry into account. Our proposed algorithm for range-limited sensing in 3D environments captures a finite-speed entity based on sparse and irregular observations. After an isolated initial sighting of the entity, the uncertainty of its whereabouts grows while deployment of the AUV system is underway. To contain the entity, an initial cage, or barrier of sensing footprints, is created around the initial sighting, using islands and other terrain as part of the cage if available. After the initial cage is established, the system waits for a second sighting, and the possible opportunity to create a smaller, shrinkable cage. This process continues until at some point it is possible to create this smaller cage, resulting in capture, meaning the entity is sensed directly and continuously. We present a set of algorithms for addressing the scenario above, and illustrate their performance on a set of examples. The proposed algorithm is a combination of solutions to the min-cut problem, the set cover problem, the linear bottleneck assignment problem and the Thomson problem.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2020
Series
OCEANS-IEEE, ISSN 0197-7385
Keywords
Planning Scheduling and Coordination, Multi-Robot Systems, Marine Robotics
National Category
Robotics and automation
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-299957 (URN)10.1109/IEEECONF38699.2020.9389311 (DOI)000669813302011 ()2-s2.0-85104580140 (Scopus ID)
Conference
Global OCEANS Singapore - U.S. Gulf Coast Conference, OCT 05-30, 2020, ELECTR NETWORK
Note

QC 20210820

Proceedings ISBN 978-1-7281-5446-6

Available from: 2021-08-20 Created: 2021-08-20 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved
4. Combining Control Barrier Functions and Behavior Trees for Multi-Agent Underwater Coverage Missions
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Combining Control Barrier Functions and Behavior Trees for Multi-Agent Underwater Coverage Missions
2020 (English)In: Proceedings of 59th Conference on Decision and Control, 2020, 2020Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Robot missions typically involve a number of desired objectives, such as avoiding collisions, staying connected to other robots, gathering information using sensors and returning to the charging station before the battery runs out.Some of these objectives need to be taken into account at the same time, such as avoiding collisions and staying connected, while others are focused upon during different parts of the executions, such as returning to the charging station and connectivity maintenance.In this paper, we show how Control Barrier Functions(CBFs) and Behavior Trees(BTs) can be combined in a principled manner to achieve both types of task compositions, with performance guarantees in terms of mission completion. We illustrate our method with a simulated underwater coverage mission.

Keywords
Autonomous Underwater Vehicles, Control Barrier Functions, Behavior Trees
National Category
Robotics and automation
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279459 (URN)10.1109/CDC42340.2020.9304151 (DOI)000717663404034 ()2-s2.0-85099875584 (Scopus ID)
Conference
IEEE 59th Conference on Decision and Control, 2020, December 14th-18th 2020
Note

QC 20200821

Available from: 2020-08-21 Created: 2020-08-21 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved
5. Data-Driven Damage Detection and Control Adaptation for an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Data-Driven Damage Detection and Control Adaptation for an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle
2022 (English)In: 61st IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), 2022, 2022Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Underwater robotic exploration missions typically involve traveling long distances without any human contact.The robots that go on such missions risk getting damaged by the unknown environment, accruing great costs and missed opportunities.Thus it is important for the robot to be able to accommodate unknown changes to its dynamics as much as possible and attempt to finish the given mission, or at the very least move itself to a retrievable position.

In this paper, we show how we can detect physical changes to the robot reliably (79\% on real robot data) and then incorporate these changes through adapting the model to the data followed by automated control redesign. We adopt a piecewise-affine (PWA) modelling of the dynamics that is well suited for low data regime learning of the dynamics and provides a structure for computationally efficient control synthesis.We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method on a combination of real robot data and simulated scenarios.

Keywords
Underwater vehicles, robotics, auv, control, fault adaptation, svgp, gp
National Category
Robotics and automation
Research subject
Computer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-322736 (URN)10.1109/CDC51059.2022.9993101 (DOI)000948128102124 ()2-s2.0-85146989615 (Scopus ID)
Conference
Conference on Decision and Control (CDC)
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, IRC15-0046
Note

QC 20230117

Available from: 2023-01-02 Created: 2023-01-02 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved

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