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Physics-Informed Neural Networks for Modeling Cellulose Degradation in Power Transformers
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Computational Science and Technology (CST).ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4132-3175
Hitachi Energy, Västerås, Sweden.
Hitachi Energy, Västerås, Sweden.
Hitachi Energy, Västerås, Sweden.
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2022 (English)In: 2022 21st IEEE International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA), IEEE conference proceedings, 2022Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Insulation is an essential part of power transformers, which guarantees an efficient and reliable operational life. It mainly consists of mineral oil and insulation paper. Most of the major failures of power transformers originate from internal insulation failures. Monitoring aging and thermal behaviour of the transformer’s insulation paper is achieved by different techniques, which consider the Degree of Polymerization (DP) to evaluate the cellulose degradation and other chemical factors accumulated in mineral oil. Given the physical and chemical nature of the problem of degradation, we couple it with machine learning models to predict the desired parameters for considered equations. In particular, the equation used applies the Arrhenius relation, which comprises parameters like the pre-exponential factor, which depends on the cellulose’s contamination content, and the activation energy, which is connected to the temperature dependence; both of the factors need to be estimated for our problem. For this reason, Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) are considered for solving the data-driven discovery of the DP equation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
IEEE conference proceedings, 2022.
Keywords [en]
physics-informed neural networks, material aging, material degradation, electric insulation
National Category
Computer Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-325628DOI: 10.1109/ICMLA55696.2022.00216ISI: 000980994900206Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85152213304OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-325628DiVA, id: diva2:1749508
Conference
21st IEEE International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA) 2022, December 12-14 2022, Nassau, Atlantis Hotel, Bahamas
Note

QC 20230411

Available from: 2023-04-07 Created: 2023-04-07 Last updated: 2023-10-09Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Physics-Informed Neural Networks and Machine Learning Algorithms for Sustainability Advancements in Power Systems Components
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Physics-Informed Neural Networks and Machine Learning Algorithms for Sustainability Advancements in Power Systems Components
2023 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

A power system consists of several critical components necessary for providing electricity from the producers to the consumers. Monitoring the lifetime of power system components becomes vital since they are subjected to electrical currents and high temperatures, which affect their ageing. Estimating the component's ageing rate close to the end of its lifetime is the motivation behind our project. Knowing the ageing rate and life expectancy, we can possibly better utilize and re-utilize existing power components and their parts. In return, we could achieve better material utilization, reduce costs, and improve sustainability designs, contributing to the circular industry development of power system components. Monitoring the thermal distribution and the degradation of the insulation materials informs the estimation of the components' health state. Moreover, further study of the employed paper material of their insulation system can lead to a deeper understanding of its thermal characterization and a possible consequent improvement.

Our study aims to create a model that couples the physical equations that govern the deterioration of the insulation systems of power components with modern machine learning algorithms. 

As the data is limited and complex in the field of components' ageing, Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) can help to overcome the problem. PINNs exploit the prior knowledge stored in partial differential equations (PDEs) or ordinary differential equations (ODEs) modelling the involved systems. This prior knowledge becomes a regularization agent, constraining the space of available solutions and consequently reducing the training data needed. 

This thesis is divided into two parts: the first focuses on the insulation system of power transformers, and the second is an exploration of the paper material concentrating on cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) classification. The first part includes modelling the thermal distribution and the degradation of the cellulose inside the power transformer. The deterioration of one of the two systems can lead to severe consequences for the other. Both abilities of PINNs to approximate the solution of the equations and to find the parameters that best describe the data are explored. The second part could be conceived as a standalone; however, it leads to a further understanding of the paper material. Several CNFs materials and concentrations are presented, and this thesis proposes a basic unsupervised learning using clustering algorithms like k-means and Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs) for their classification. 

Abstract [sv]

Ett kraftsystem består av många kritiska komponenter som är nödvändiga för att leverera el från producenter till konsumenter. Att övervaka livslängden på kraftsystemets komponenter är avgörande eftersom de utsätts för elektriska strömmar och höga temperaturer som påverkar deras åldrande. Att uppskatta komponentens åldringshastighet nära slutet av dess livslängd är motivationen bakom vårt projekt. Genom att känna till åldringshastigheten och den förväntade livslängden kan vi eventuellt utnyttja och återanvända befintliga kraftkomponenter och deras delar   bättre. I gengäld kan vi uppnå bättre materialutnyttjande, minska kostnaderna och förbättra hållbarhetsdesignen vilket bidrar till den cirkulära industriutvecklingen av kraftsystemskomponenter. Övervakning av värmefördelningen och nedbrytningen av isoleringsmaterialen indikerar komponenternas hälsotillstånd. Dessutom kan ytterligare studier av pappersmaterial i kraftkomponenternas isoleringssystem leda till en djupare förståelse av dess termiska karaktärisering och en möjlig förbättring. 

Vår studie syftar till att skapa en modell som kombinerar de fysiska ekvationer som styr försämringen av isoleringssystemen i kraftkomponenter med moderna algoritmer för maskininlärning.

Eftersom datan är begränsad och komplex när det gäller komponenters åldrande kan  fysikinformerade neurala nätverk (PINNs) hjälpa till att lösa problemet. PINNs utnyttjar den förkunskap som finns lagrad i partiella differentialekvationer (PDE) eller ordinära differentialekvationer (ODE) för att modellera system och använder dessa ekvationer för att begränsa antalet tillgängliga lösningar och därmed minska den mängd träningsdata som behövs. 

Denna avhandling är uppdelad i två delar: den första fokuserar på krafttransformatorers isoleringssystem, och den andra är en undersökning av pappersmaterialet som används med fokus på klassificering av cellulosananofibriller (CNF). Den första delen omfattar modellering av värmefördelningen och nedbrytningen av cellulosan inuti krafttransformatorn. En försämring av ett av de två systemen kan leda till allvarliga konsekvenser för det andra. Både PINNs förmåga att approximera lösningen av ekvationerna och att hitta de parametrar som bäst beskriver datan undersöks. Den andra delen skulle kunna ses som en fristående del, men den leder till en utökad förståelse av själva pappersmaterialet. Flera CNF-material och koncentrationer presenteras och denna avhandling föreslår en simpel oövervakad inlärning med klusteralgoritmer som k-means och Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs) för deras klassificering.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2023. p. 71
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2023:69
Keywords
Physics-Informed Neural Networks, Machine Learning, Data-Driven Methods, Circular Economy, Power Systems Components, Sustainability, Cellulose Nanofibrils, Fysikinformerade Neurala Nätverk, Maskininlärning, Datadrivna Metoder, Cirkulär Ekonomi, Kraftsystemets Komponenter, Hållbarhet, Cellulosananofibriller
National Category
Computer Sciences
Research subject
Computer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-337846 (URN)978-91-8040-723-6 (ISBN)
Presentation
2023-11-03, Room 3412, Sten Velander https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/62590383218, Teknikringen 33, KTH, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Vinnova, 2021-03748
Note

QC 20231010

Available from: 2023-10-10 Created: 2023-10-09 Last updated: 2023-10-23Bibliographically approved

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