kth.sePublications KTH
Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
The Roles of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Reoxidation and Ammonium Assimilation in the Secretion of Amino Acids as Byproducts of Clostridium thermocellum
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Industrial Biotechnology.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1347-7978
Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA ; Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5176-3222
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Industrial Biotechnology.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7590-2752
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Industrial Biotechnology.
Show others and affiliations
2023 (English)In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, ISSN 0099-2240, E-ISSN 1098-5336, Vol. 89, no 1Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Clostridium thermocellum is a cellulolytic thermophile that is considered for the consolidated bioprocessing of lignocellulose to ethanol. Improvements in ethanol yield are required for industrial implementation, but the incompletely understood causes of amino acid secretion impede progress. In this study, amino acid secretion was investigated via gene deletions in ammonium-regulated, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-supplying and NADPH-consuming pathways as well as via physiological characterization in cellobiose-limited or ammonium-limited chemostats. First, the contribution of the NADPH-supplying malate shunt was studied with strains using either the NADPH-yielding malate shunt (Δppdk) or a redox-independent conversion of PEP to pyruvate (Δppdk ΔmalE::Peno-pyk). In the latter, branched-chain amino acids, especially valine, were significantly reduced, whereas the ethanol yield increased from 46 to 60%, suggesting that the secretion of these amino acids balances the NADPH surplus from the malate shunt. The unchanged amino acid secretion in Δppdk falsified a previous hypothesis on an ammonium-regulated PEP-to-pyruvate flux redistribution. The possible involvement of another NADPH-supplier, namely, NADH-dependent reduced ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase (nfnAB), was also excluded. Finally, the deletion of glutamate synthase (gogat) in ammonium assimilation resulted in the upregulation of NADPH-linked glutamate dehydrogenase activity and decreased amino acid yields. Since gogat in C. thermocellum is putatively annotated as ferredoxin-linked, a claim which is supported by the product redistribution observed in this study, this deletion likely replaced ferredoxin with NADPH in ammonium assimilation. Overall, these findings indicate that a need to reoxidize NADPH is driving the observed amino acid secretion, likely at the expense of the NADH needed for ethanol formation. This suggests that metabolic engineering strategies that simplify the redox metabolism and ammonium assimilation can contribute to increased ethanol yields.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Society for Microbiology , 2023. Vol. 89, no 1
National Category
Industrial Biotechnology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-325809DOI: 10.1128/aem.01753-22ISI: 000911350100001PubMedID: 36625594Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85147539726OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-325809DiVA, id: diva2:1750972
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2017-00973Novo Nordisk Foundation, NNF20OC0064164
Note

QC 20230419

Available from: 2023-04-14 Created: 2023-04-14 Last updated: 2023-04-25Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Analysis and engineering of central metabolism in Clostridium thermocellum
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Analysis and engineering of central metabolism in Clostridium thermocellum
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

To mitigate climate change, greenhouse gas emissions must be reduced to net-zero in 2050 requiring a drastic transition in today´s energy sector. To achieve this goal, the use of biofuels produced from lignocellulosic feedstocks, including agricultural and forestry residues, is expected to play an important role. The native ability of the anaerobic thermophile Clostridium thermocellum to efficiently degrade lignocellulose makes this microorganism a promising candidate for consolidated bioprocessing of lignocellulosic feedstocks into the biofuel ethanol. However, improvements in ethanol yield, titre, and tolerance are required for industrial implementation. The aim of this thesis was to increase understanding of the central metabolism of C. thermocellum and thereby aid future metabolic engineering and process optimization efforts focused on improving ethanol production from lignocellulosic material. 

The atypical glycolysis of C. thermocellum uses pyrophosphate (PPi) instead of ATP as phosphoryl donor. This alteration is hypothesized to increase energetic efficiency but simultaneously decrease thermodynamic driving force resulting in lower achievable ethanol titres. As such, improved understanding of the PPi metabolism has both fundamental and applied importance. Knockout studies combined with physiological characterization of four predicted metabolic PPi sources provided valuable insights into the PPi metabolism and demonstrated that the energetic benefits of PPi usage are likely limited. Furthermore, biochemical characterization of the ATP-Pfk from C. thermocellum and other bacteria demonstrated that PPi might be a key allosteric regulator in bacteria with a PPi-dependent glycolysis. 

The low thermodynamic driving force of the ethanol formation pathway combined with a flexible redox network are key factors that impact ethanol titre, yield, and tolerance in C. thermocellum. Apart from dominant thermodynamic limitations, physiological characterization of wild-type and a non-ethanol producing mutant at various exogenous ethanol concentrations and temperatures demonstrated that biophysical limitations also impact ethanol tolerance. Lowering the cultivation temperature decreased chaotropic effects of ethanol and improved ethanol tolerance. 

By-product formation and incomplete substrate utilization decrease obtained ethanol yields. To minimize formation of one specific class of by-products, the mechanism behind amino acid secretion in C. thermocellum was investigated. Cellobiose- or ammonium-limited chemostats of wild-type and knockout strains of NADPH-supplying and NADPH-consuming pathways identified catabolic oversupply of NADPH as the main driver behind amino acid secretion. The malate shunt and the ammonium-regulated shift between nitrogen assimilation pathways with differing cofactor specificities were shown to play key roles in NADPH metabolism and amino acid secretion. 

To improve substrate utilization, laboratory evolution combined with reverse metabolic engineering was used as a tool to provide insights into increased utilization of glucose and fructose. Reproducible and constitutive growth on these hexose sugars was achieved for evolved mutant strains. Additionally, two mutations were identified that are involved in (regulation of) transport or metabolism of these hexose sugars.

Together these findings provide valuable insights into the central metabolism of C. thermocellum and aid future optimizations of this organism for consolidated bioprocessing of lignocellulosic feedstocks into fuels and chemicals. 

Abstract [sv]

För att mildra klimatförändringarna måste utsläppen av växthusgaser minskas till nettonoll år 2050 vilket kräver en drastisk förändring i dagens energisektor. För att uppnå detta mål förväntas användningen av biobränslen producerade från lignocellulosabaserade råmaterial, såsom jordbruks- och skogsrester, spela en viktig roll. Den naturliga förmågan att effektivt bryta ned lignocellulosa hittas hos den anaerobiska termofilen Clostridium thermocellum och gör denna mikroorganism till en lovande kandidat för konsoliderad bioprocessering av lignocellulosabaserade råmaterial till biobränslet etanol. För industriell implementering krävs dock förbättringar av etanolutbyte, -titer och -tolerans. Syftet med denna avhandling var att öka förståelsen av C. thermocellums centrala metabolism och därigenom vägleda framtida insatser inom metabol ingenjörskonst och processoptimering för att förbättra etanolproduktionen från lignocellulosabaserade råvaror.

Den atypiska glykolysen hos C. thermocellum använder pyrofosfat (PPi) i stället för ATP som fosforyldonator. Denna skillnad har hypotiserats öka energieffektiviteten men samtidigt minska den termodynamiska drivkraften, och resultera i en lägre uppnåbar etanoltiter. Därför är en förbättrad förståelse av PPi-metabolismen viktig ur fundamentala och applicerbara perspektiv. Knockoutstudier tillsammans med fysiologisk karaktärisering av fyra predikterade metaboliska PPi-källor gav värdefulla insikter i PPi-metabolismen och visade att energifördelarna med användningen av PPi sannolikt är begränsade. Vidare visade biokemisk karaktärisering av ATP-Pfk från C. thermocellum och andra bakterier att PPi kan vara en viktig allosterisk regulator för bakterier med en PPi-beroende glykolys.

Den låga termodynamiska drivkraften hos etanolproduktionsvägen kombinerat med ett flexibelt redoxnätverk är nyckelfaktorer som påverkar etanoltitern, -utbytet och -toleransen hos C. thermocellum. Förutom övervägande termodynamiska begränsningar visade fysiologisk karaktärisering av vildtypen och en modifierad icke-etanolproducerande stam, vid olika extracellulära etanolkoncentrationer och temperaturer, att även biokemiska begränsningar påverkar etanoltoleransen. Att sänka odlingstemperaturen reducerade de kaotropiska effekterna av etanol och förbättrade etanoltoleransen.

Produktion av biprodukter och ofullständigt substratutnyttjande minskar erhållna etanolutbyten. För att minimera produktionen av en specifik klass av biprodukter undersöktes mekanismen bakom aminosyrasekretion hos C. thermocellum. Cellobios- eller ammoniumbegränsade kemostater av vildtypen och knockout-stammar av NADPH-producerande och -konsumerande reaktionsvägar identifierade ett katabolisk överskott av NADPH som den främsta drivkraften bakom aminosyrasekretion. Malatshunten samt det ammoniumreglerade skiftet mellan olika assimileringvägar av kväve med specificitet för olika kofaktorer visade sig spela en nyckelroll i NADPH-metabolismen och aminosyrasekretionen. 

För att öka substratutnyttjandet användes laboratorieevolution kombinerat med reverse metabolic engineering som verktyg för att ge insikter i hur utnyttjande av glukos och fruktos kan förbättras. Laboratorieevolutionen resulterade i stammar med reproducerbar och konstitutiv tillväxt på dessa hexoser. Sedan identifierades två mutationer involverade i (reglering av) transport eller metabolism av dessa hexoser.

Tillsammans ger dessa forskningsrön värdefulla insikter i C. thermocellums centrala metabolism och underlättar framtida optimeringar av denna organism för konsoliderad bioprocessering av lignocellulosabaserat råmaterial till bränslen och kemikalier.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Kungliga tekniska högskolan, 2023. p. 105
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2023:16
Keywords
Clostridium thermocellum, biofuels, ethanol, atypical glycolysis, pyrophosphate, phosphofructokinase, thermodynamic driving force, redox cofactor balancing, amino acid secretion, chaotropicity, hexose utilization, laboratory evolution, metabolic engineering
National Category
Industrial Biotechnology
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-326160 (URN)978-91-8040-543-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-06-02, Lärosal 22, House 4 Albano campus, Albanovägen 12, via Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/61717219797, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2017-00973Novo Nordisk Foundation, NNF20OC0064164
Note

QC 2023-04-25

Available from: 2023-04-25 Created: 2023-04-25 Last updated: 2023-05-29Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

fulltext(497 kB)150 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT01.pdfFile size 497 kBChecksum SHA-512
79142228c32b4831a7f1b4e813ef9beead8e6284424d8d8c66738faacc458d891e7c55e6c62689776bdd8f55c5cab048ba8a9db865bd8a61ca3fa858be6b0d4d
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf

Other links

Publisher's full textPubMedScopus

Authority records

Yayo, JohannesKuil, TeunKarlsson, AnnaHarding, Dan Jamesvan Maris, Antonius J. A.

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Yayo, JohannesRydzak, ThomasKuil, TeunKarlsson, AnnaHarding, Dan JamesGuss, Adam M.van Maris, Antonius J. A.
By organisation
Industrial BiotechnologyProcess Technology
In the same journal
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
Industrial Biotechnology

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar
Total: 153 downloads
The number of downloads is the sum of all downloads of full texts. It may include eg previous versions that are now no longer available

doi
pubmed
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

doi
pubmed
urn-nbn
Total: 265 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf