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Near-real-time dynamic noise mapping and exposure assessment using calibrated microscopic traffic simulations
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics, Marcus Wallenberg Laboratory MWL. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center for ECO2 Vehicle design. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Centres, Digital futures.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2114-8680
ITS Lab, Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Estonia.
ITS Lab, Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Estonia.
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, VinnExcellence Center for ECO2 Vehicle design. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics, Marcus Wallenberg Laboratory MWL. KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Centres, Digital futures.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6555-531X
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2023 (English)In: Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, ISSN 1361-9209, E-ISSN 1879-2340, Vol. 124, article id 103922Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

With prospective applications ranging from improving the understanding of the daily and seasonal dynamics of noise exposure to raising public awareness of the associated health effects, dynamic noise mapping in real time is one of the next milestones in environmental acoustics. The present contribution proposes a methodology for near-real-time dynamic noise mapping, enabling the generation of dynamic noise maps and the calculation of advanced noise exposure indicators, here arbitrarily established for the previous day, on the scale of large urban areas. This methodology consists in (i) collecting live traffic counts, measured using dedicated IoT sensors, (ii) calibrating a microscopic traffic simulation using these sparsely distributed traffic counts, (iii) modelling noise emission and propagation from the microscopic traffic simulation, and finally, (iv) post-processing the noise simulation output for the calculation of a wide range of exposure indicators. The applicability of the method is demonstrated on the city of Tartu, Estonia.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2023. Vol. 124, article id 103922
Keywords [en]
Dynamic noise mapping, Environmental noise, IoT, Population exposure, Road traffic noise, Smart city
National Category
Transport Systems and Logistics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-338355DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2023.103922ISI: 001088096000001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85173061184OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-338355DiVA, id: diva2:1806263
Note

QC 20231020

Available from: 2023-10-20 Created: 2023-10-20 Last updated: 2025-09-22Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Modelling road traffic noise and human exposure: from simulation to application
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Modelling road traffic noise and human exposure: from simulation to application
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Noise pollution is a leading environmental risk, causing widespread annoyance, sleep disturbance and an increased burden of disease. In Europe alone, more than 100 million people are affected by noise pollution, especially in urban areas. Road traffic is, by far, the largest contributor to this urban noise exposure. Despite extensive regulatory efforts, including the EU's Environmental Noise Directive, current approaches to environmental noise assessment remain limited in their capacity to capture the true complexity of road traffic noise pollution and its impacts on exposed populations. In particular, prevailing methodologies often rely on static assessments, using time-averaged indicators which ignore the highly dynamic nature of road traffic noise exposure in cities, and adopt a source-centric approach, focussing more on where the noise is emitted rather than who is exposed to it.

The present thesis aims to address these limitations by advancing the methodological chain for road traffic noise exposure assessment. It introduces and validates a suite of new tools and approaches for near-real-time, dynamic, and population-centric noise modelling, based on both advanced simulation and empirical data. Central to this work is the use of microscopic traffic simulations, calibrated using real-time sensor data, to generate temporally and spatially resolved representations of urban traffic. These simulations form the basis for more realistic modelling of noise emissions, enabling the assessment of exposure at both individual and population scales.

A significant contribution of this thesis is the improvement of noise emission models to explicitly account for the unique characteristics of electric vehicles during acceleration. These advancements address a key limitation in existing models, which tend to underestimate the noise emissions of electric cars and fail to properly reflect the shifting acoustic landscape resulting from vehicle electrification. The thesis also proposes and validates dynamic and event-based noise indicators, such as the number of noise events, which have demonstrated strong associations with health-relevant outcomes like sleep disturbance. These indicators are complemented by innovative visualisation techniques, including animated dynamic noise maps and receiver-centric sensitivity maps, that place the population at the centre of exposure assessment and facilitate more effective communication with stakeholders.

The proposed methodologies have been validated through case studies in several European cities, including Tartu (Estonia), Munich (Germany), and Stockholm (Sweden), demonstrating their applicability to real scenarios. Furthermore, the integration of dynamic simulations with real-world measurements and the demonstration of near-real-time noise mapping lay the groundwork for next-generation digital twins and dynamic noise management strategies in urban environments.

In conclusion, this thesis advances the field of environmental acoustics by delivering a comprehensive and flexible framework for dynamic noise exposure assessment, supporting healthier, fairer, and more sustainable cities.

Abstract [sv]

Buller är ett stort miljöproblem och har en betydande påverkan på folkhälsan genom att bland annat orsaka störning och sömnproblem. Enbart i Europa utsätts mer än 100 miljoner människor för ohälsosamma bullernivåer, särskilt i stadsområden. Vägtrafiken är den absolut största bidragande faktorn till bullerexponering.

Trots omfattande regelverk, däribland Europeiska unionens direktiv om omgivningsbuller (END), tar inte de nuvarande metoderna hänsyn till komplexiteten i urbana ljudmiljöer och dess påverkan på invånarna. Framför allt bygger gängse metoder på statiska och genomsnittsbaserade indikatorer, t.ex. förenklade och källcentrerade modeller som inte beaktar den tidsvarierande och heterogena karakteristiken för bullerexponeringen i städer.

I denna avhandling studeras dessa begränsningar genom att utveckla nya modeller för bedömning av exponering för vägtrafikbuller. Nya metoder för dynamisk, befolkningscentrerad bullermodellering i nära realtid, baserade på både avancerad simulering och empiriska data introduceras och valideras. En central del av avhandlingen är användningen av högupplösta trafiksimuleringar som är kalibrerade med realtidsdata från sensorer för att generera tids- och rumsupplösta representationer av urbana trafikflöden. Dessa simuleringar utgör grunden för mer realistisk modellering av buller och möjliggör bedömning av exponering på såväl individ- som befolkningsnivå.

Ett viktigt bidrag är förbättrade källmodeller som beaktar elfordons accelerationsfas. Dessa förbättringar hanterar en central brist i befintliga modeller, som tenderar att underskatta bullernivåerna från elfordon och därmed inte fångar det skiftande ljudlandskap som följer av fordonsflottans elektrifiering. I avhandlingen presenteras och valideras vidare dynamiska och händelsebaserade bullerindikatorer, såsom antalet bullerhändelser, som uppvisar starka samband med hälsorelaterade utfall som sömnstörning. Indikatorerna kompletteras av innovativa visualiseringar, däribland animerade, dynamiska bullerkartor och mottagarcentrerade känslighetskartor,  som  sätter invånarna i centrum för exponeringsbedömningen och som underlättar kommunikationen med intressenter.

De föreslagna metoderna har validerats genom fallstudier i flera europeiska städer, inklusive Tartu (Estland), München (Tyskland) och Stockholm (Sverige), vilket visar deras användbarhet i verkliga scenarier. Vidare visar valideringen av dynamiska simuleringar mot verkliga mätningar och demonstrationen av bullerkartläggning i nästintill realtid möjligheter för nästa generations digitala tvillingar och dynamiska bullerhanteringsstrategier i städer.

Sammanfattningsvis bidrar denna avhandling till utvecklingen inom akus- tik genom att presentera ett omfattande och flexibelt ramverk för dynamisk trafikbullerexponering, som kan leda till hälsosammare, rättvisare och mer hållbara städer. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. xii, 83
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2025:41
Keywords
road traffic noise, environmental acoustics, dynamic noise mapping, microscopic traffic simulation, CNOSSOS-EU, noise emission modelling, acceleration noise, electric vehicles, event-based indicators, noise events, population exposure, Smart City, digital twins, Vägtrafikbuller, dynamisk bullerkartläggning, mikroskopisk trafiksimulering, CNOSSOS-EU, modellering av bulleremissioner, accelerationsbuller, elfordon, händelsebaserade indikatorer, bullerhändelser, befolkningens bullerexponering, smarta städer, digitala tvillingar
National Category
Applied Mechanics Environmental Sciences Environmental Engineering
Research subject
Vehicle and Maritime Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-368998 (URN)978-91-8106-381-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-09-19, F3, Lindstedtvägen 26, Stockholm, 09:30 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 2025-08-27

Available from: 2025-08-27 Created: 2025-08-25 Last updated: 2025-09-08Bibliographically approved

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Baclet, SachaRumpler, Romain

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