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Adaptive Sampling of Algal Blooms Using an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle and Satellite Imagery
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control). KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Centres, Digital futures.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0431-3667
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control). KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Centres, Digital futures.
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control). KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Centres, Digital futures.
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Intelligent systems, Decision and Control Systems (Automatic Control). KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Centres, Digital futures.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9940-5929
2023 (English)In: 2023 IEEE Conference on Control Technology and Applications, CCTA 2023, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2023, p. 638-644Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This paper proposes a method that uses satellite data to improve adaptive sampling missions. We find and track algal bloom fronts using an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) equipped with a sensor that measures the concentration of chlorophyll a. Chlorophyll a concentration indicates the presence of algal blooms. The proposed method learns the kernel parameters of a Gaussian process model using satellite images of chlorophyll a from previous days. The AUV estimates the chlorophyll a concentration online using locally collected data. The algal bloom front estimate is fed to the motion control algorithm. The performance of this method is evaluated through simulations using a real dataset of an algal bloom front in the Baltic. We consider a real-world scenario with sensor and localization noise and with a detailed AUV model.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2023. p. 638-644
National Category
Oceanography, Hydrology and Water Resources
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-338992DOI: 10.1109/CCTA54093.2023.10252251Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85173889475OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-338992DiVA, id: diva2:1808745
Conference
2023 IEEE Conference on Control Technology and Applications, CCTA 2023, Bridgetown, Barbados, August 16-18, 2023
Note

Part of ISBN 9798350335446

QC 20250922

Available from: 2023-11-01 Created: 2023-11-01 Last updated: 2026-05-08Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Learning differentiable simulation models of control systems
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Learning differentiable simulation models of control systems
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The use of conventional model-based frameworks for design of estimation and control algorithms is precluded by the increasing complexity of engineering systems. To address this challenge, in this thesis we study new paradigms for data-driven modelling of dynamical systems based on deep learning methods. Three contributions are developed on fundamental algorithms and on applications of the techniques.

Our first and main contribution is a method for learning continuous-time simulation models of control systems. The method uses a novel neural network architecture to approximate the solution operator of such systems. The resulting model enables efficient simulation of trajectories, and is differentiable, meaning one can easily compute gradients of trajectories with respect to initial conditions, system parameters, and external inputs. These properties are desirable for model-based optimisation tasks such as parameter estimation, and we show that our method is highly effective in such contexts. We consider surrogate modelling of excitable systems, provide an extension to spatiotemporal control systems, and prove that the architecture is a universal approximator of flows of a general class of control systems.

In the second contribution we develop physics-informed learning methods for partial differential equations. We propose a new method that addresses the spectral bias problem, with performance superior to the state of the art on several baselines. In an application to traffic systems, we provide a method to learn solutions and equation parameters when measurements are sparse.

The third contribution is on the use of learning-based simulation models in unmanned vehicle operations for ocean observation, specifically for mission planning, adaptive sampling, and trajectory planning, in which simulation of dynamical systems plays a key role. We develop algorithms for sampling ocean fronts using a single vehicle, showing in numerical and software-in-the-loop simulations that we are able to track fronts using prior data. We propose mission and trajectory optimisation methods for multi-stage missions with multiple vehicles, developing an efficient dynamic programming algorithm with an associated software architecture.

Abstract [sv]

Den ständigt ökande komplexiteten hos moderna tekniska system utesluter användandet av konventionella modelleringsramverk för design, reglering och estimering. För att hantera dessa utmaningar studerar vi i denna avhandling nya metoder för modellering av dynamiska system baserade på djupinlärningsmetoder.

Vårt huvudsakliga bidrag är en ny arkitektur och metod för tidskontinuerlig modellering av styrsystem. De resulterande modellerna är mycket effektiva i jämförelse med traditionella numeriska integrationsmodeller. De är därtill differentierbara, vilket innebär att man enkelt och på ett tillförlitligt sätt kan beräkna gradienten av tillståndet med avseende på initialvärden, parametrar och insignaler. Dessa använder dessutom endast gängse maskininlärningskomponenter och är därav enkla att implementera. Vi tillämpar metoden på system med flerskaliga och högfrekventa tidssvar samt utvidgar den till spatial-temporala system och bevisar att arkitekturen kan approximera lösningsoperatorer för en allmän klass av styrsystem.

I ett andra bidrag utvecklar vi metoder för lärande av lösningar av partiella differentialekvationer. Vi föreslår en ny arkitektur och träningsmetod som förbättrar avbildningen av högfrekventa och flerskaliga komponenter i lösningen, samt tar fram en lösningsmetod för fall där mätningarna är glesa.

Vi förutser att sådana modeller kan användas i operationer med obemannade farkoster för havsobservation, samt betraktar tre utmaningar i samband med denna tillämpning, nämligen uppdragsplanering, banplanering och adaptiv sampling, där simulering av dynamiska system spelar en nyckelroll. I avhandlingens tredje bidrag utvecklar vi algoritmer för sampling av havsfronter, samt uppdragsplanering och banoptimering för komplexa uppdrag med flera havsfarkoster.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. p. xiv, 84
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 53
National Category
Control Engineering
Research subject
Electrical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-381004 (URN)978-91-8106-627-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-06-05, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/65571659755, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20260508

Available from: 2026-05-08 Created: 2026-05-08 Last updated: 2026-05-19Bibliographically approved

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Fonseca, JoanaRocha, AlexandreAguiar, MiguelJohansson, Karl H.

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