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Study of the Variation in Component Level Characteristics of a Centrifugal Compressor Across the Compressor Map Using CFD and Experiments with Detailed Instrumentation on a Gas Stand
Scania CV AB, Sweden.
Energy Sciences Division, Lund University, Sweden.
Scania CV AB, Sweden.
Scania CV AB, Sweden.
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2023 (English)In: Proceedings of ASME Turbo Expo 2023: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition, GT 2023, ASME International , 2023, article id v009t18a010Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

A compressor map with variations in component level characteristics is introduced. This novel approach to plot component level characteristics identify and give context to the critical design parameters such as flow angles, pressure coefficients, and loss coefficients across the entire compressor map along with the conventional performance parameters. Compressor design involves a significant amount of CFD at a stage level, but the decisive importance of component performance, design and analysis are many times overshadowed by 3D CFD, both steady RANS and unsteady RANS/LES/DES. Although the authors support the development of high-fidelity computational tools, validating these computational results with experimental measurements is essential. A detailed analysis of the Scania's in-house designed compressor stage tested in the Scania Gas stand shows that in order to create an optimal design, component level performance assessment is necessary for the impeller, diffuser and volute. The variation of performance parameters along a speed line and across varied tip speeds are shown along with indications for the onset of instabilities at a component level. This is a crucial input for the design of a compressor stage. In addition to detailed analysis of experimental results, this work includes predictions from two different CFD solvers and discussion of deviations between them. Both the CFD solvers can be used to predict performance parameters at a stage level for most parts of the map. For operating conditions close to surge and higher tip speeds (565 m/s), there are major deviations in the CFD solvers' predictions. The impeller pressure rise and efficiency could be predicted well with the CFD solvers for most of the tip speeds. However, deviations between measurements and predictions increase with increasing tip speeds. The diffuser performance is predicted well by one of the solvers. The other solver underpredicts the diffuser and overpredicts the volute performance. These are also important inputs for 1D design and also for positioning of the best characteristics on the compressor map for the optimal operation of the machine. The goal of this work is to quantify performance predictions on a component level accurately, so that stage level optimization is worth executing. Further, such validated models could aid reliable design predictions and an optimization of the entire compressor stage.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ASME International , 2023. article id v009t18a010
Keywords [en]
Centrifugal compressor, component level, Cp, design, diffuser, impeller, Lc, volute
National Category
Energy Engineering Fluid Mechanics Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-340378DOI: 10.1115/GT2023-102869ISI: 001215335700010Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85177478518OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-340378DiVA, id: diva2:1816818
Conference
ASME Turbo Expo 2023: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition, GT 2023, Boston, United States of America, Jun 26 2023 - Jun 30 2023
Note

Part of ISBN 9780791887035

QC 20231204

Available from: 2023-12-04 Created: 2023-12-04 Last updated: 2026-07-24Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Study of Aero-Thermodynamic and Aero-Acoustic Aspects of Centrifugal Compressors: An Experimental and Numerical Approach
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Study of Aero-Thermodynamic and Aero-Acoustic Aspects of Centrifugal Compressors: An Experimental and Numerical Approach
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

 The efficiency requirements for centrifugal compressors in heavy-duty truck powertrains are increasing due to stringent, science-based tailpipe emission targets and the rising cost of alternative fuels such as green hydrogen. Furthermore, recent phases of EU acoustic legislation pose additional challenges for designers seeking to address tonal noise, specifically blade passing frequency (BPF) content, in centrifugal compressors. Current methods for characterizing performance and BPF noise are predominantly conducted at the stage level (flange-to-flange), which provides limited insight for turbomachinery designers and aero-acousticians seeking to improve or innovate compressor designs. Consequently, there is a need to understand aerodynamic performance and aero-acoustic behavior at the component level to facilitate optimal component matching in line with multidisciplinary requirements. 

Although component-level performance of centrifugal compressors has been explored in the literature, such studies are typically limited to a single design point or a few off-design points on the compressor map. This research aims to quantify the component-level performance of a centrifugal compressor using detailed measurements at varied operating conditions. While aero-acoustic research has extensively examined transmitted noise, there is comparatively little focus on source characterization. Quantifying tonal noise at BPF generally requires costly prototyping, comprehensive experimental measurements and labor-intensive data analysis. In the open literature, high-fidelity simulations, such as Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) or Large eddy simulation (LES), have been used to quantify BPF noise levels, but these approaches are impractical during the compressor design phase. The objective of this research is to identify methods and parameters, grounded in the physics of tonal noise generation, for ranking compressor designs according to BPF noise during the blade design phase. 

 The experimental setup consisted of an aero-thermodynamic configuration incorporating a series of pressure and temperature measurements on the turbocharger compressor at the hot gas stand facility in Traton AB. Detailed pressure data were collected using Kiel probes, which were traversed to quantify component-level aero-thermodynamic performance. The acoustic experimental methodology was developed in the gas stand facility, which includes unsteady pressure sensors and microphones to quantify sound pressure levels (SPL) for both splitter and full-blade compressor configurations. This work also includes numerical simulations using compressible RANS (Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes) methods to characterize aero-acoustic signatures. A method for ranking designs based on impeller exit BPF noise has been introduced and validated using sound power level (SWL) measurements in an anechoic test chamber. 

Results from aero-thermodynamic testing and simulations enable targeted design efforts on specific components, such as the impeller, diffuser or volute, and establish a robust basis for investigating the acoustic signatures of compressor components. In addition, the results were plotted on a compressor map using iso-contours to show variations in component-level performance parameters. Two new parameters, namely the fictive area ratio and the uniformity index, can aid in the effective matching of an overhung volute to an impeller diffuser arrangement. For the aero-acoustic part, three new parameters, namely, ACF, OSAI and QuIET, have been introduced. The Acoustic Crest Factor (ACF) showed a correlation with SPL in experimental measurements, as it quantifies signal impulsiveness, the primary forcing function for BPF noise at the impeller exit. ACF can be used to acoustically rank designs for most operating points, except the positive incidence region of the Splitter-blade impeller, already during the design phase, using data from RANS simulations. To address the limitations of ACF, particularly in the positive-incidence region of the compressor map for splitter-blade arrangements, new factors were developed: OSAI and QuIET. These factors exhibit improved correlation trends for both splitter and full-blade configurations. OSAI and QuIET can be used to rank new and existing designs for acoustic performance and can also serve as a cost function in optimization studies in aerodynamics and acoustics in turbomachinery used for various applications. 

Abstract [sv]

 Kraven på effektivitet och stabilitet för centrifugalkompressorer i tunga lastbilar ökar på grund av stränga, vetenskapligt baserade utsläppsmål för skadliga emissioner och den stigande kostnaden för alternativa bränslen som grön vätgas. Dessutom innebär de senaste faserna av EU:s akustiklagstiftning ytterligare utmaningar för konstruktörer som vill hantera tonbrus, särskilt bladfrekvenssignaturer (BPF), i centrifugalkompressorer. Nuvarande metoder för att karakterisera prestanda och BPF-ljud utförs huvudsakligen på stegnivå (fläns-till-fläns), vilket ger begränsad insikt för turbomaskinkonstruktörer och aeroakustiker som vill förbättra eller förnya kompressordesigner. Följaktligen finns det ett behov av att förstå aerodynamisk prestanda och aeroakustiskt beteende på komponentnivå för att underlätta optimal komponentmatchning i linje med tvärvetenskapliga krav. 

Även om prestanda på komponentnivå för centrifugalkompressorer har utforskats i litteraturen, är sådana studier vanligtvis begränsade till en enda designpunkt eller några få punkter utanför design på kompressorkartan. Medan aeroakustisk forskning har undersökt överfört brus i stor utsträckning, finns det jämförelsevis lite fokus på källkarakterisering. Kvantifiering av tonalt (BPF) brus kräver generellt kostsam prototypframställning, omfattande experimentella mätningar och arbetsintensiv dataanalys. Högpresterande simuleringar, såsom Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) eller Large Eddy Simulations (LES), kan användas för att kvantifiera BPF-brusnivåer, men dessa metoder är opraktiska under kompressorns designfas. Syftet med denna forskning är att identifiera metoder och parametrar, baserade på fysiken bakom tonalbrusgenerering, för att rangordna kompressorkonstruktioner utifrån BPF-brus under bladdesignfasen. 

Den experimentella uppställningen som används för detta arbete omfattar en aero-termodynamisk layout, inklusive en serie tryck- och temperaturmätningar på turboladdarkompressorn vid hetgasanläggningen i Traton AB. Detaljerade tryckmätningar erhölls med hjälp av Kiel-sonder, som korsades för att kvantifiera aero-termodynamisk prestanda på komponentnivå. Den akustiska experimentella metoden utvecklades i gasanläggningen, vilken inkluderar instabila trycksensorer och mikrofoner för att kvantifiera ljudtrycksnivåer (SPL) och ljudintensitetsnivåer (SWL) för både splitter- och fullbladskompressorkonfigurationer.   Detta arbete inkluderar även numeriska simuleringar med RANS-metoder (Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes) för att karakterisera aeroakustiska signaturer. 

Resultat från aerotermodynamiska tester och simuleringar möjliggör riktade designinsatser på specifika komponenter, såsom impeller, diffusor eller volut, och etablerar en robust grund för att undersöka de akustiska signaturerna hos kompressorkomponenter. Acoustic Crest Factor (ACF) visade en korrelation med SPL i experimentella mätningar, eftersom den kvantifierar signalimpulsivitet, den primära tvångsfunktionen för BPF-ljud vid impellers utgång. ACF kan användas för att akustiskt rangordna design för de flesta driftspunkter, förutom den positiva incidensregionen för Splitter-blade-pumphjulet, redan under designfasen, med hjälp av data från RANS-simuleringar. För att hantera begränsningarna med ACF, särskilt i den positiva incidensregionen av kompressorkartan för splitterbladsarrangemang, utvecklades nya faktorer: OSAI och QuIET. Dessa faktorer uppvisar förbättrade korrelationstrender för både splitter- och fullbladskonfigurationer. OSAI och QuIET kan användas för att rangordna nya och befintliga konstruktioner för akustisk prestanda och kan också fungera som kostnadsfunktioner i optimeringsstudier inom aerodynamik och akustik i turbomaskiner som används för olika applikationer. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. p. xxviii, 140
Series
TRITA-ITM-AVL ; 2026:16
Keywords
Aero-Thermodynamics, Centrifugal compressor, component level, Volute, AeroAcoustics, BPF, Tonal Noise, SPL, SWL, OSAI, QuIET, Aerotermodynamik, centrifugal kompressor, komponentnivå, volut, aeroakustik, BPF, tonalt ljud, SPL, SWL, OSAI, QuIET
National Category
Other Engineering and Technologies Vehicle and Aerospace Engineering
Research subject
Energy Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-386060 (URN)
Public defence
2026-09-11, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-08-12 Created: 2026-07-24 Last updated: 2026-08-12Bibliographically approved

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Thiyagarajan, JanakiramanFridh, Jens

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