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Computational Aeroacoustics for a Cold, Non-Ideally Expanded Aerospike Nozzle
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW.
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Centres, Linné Flow Center, FLOW. KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics and Engineering Acoustics.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7330-6965
2024 (English)In: Journal of turbomachinery, ISSN 0889-504X, E-ISSN 1528-8900, Vol. 146, no 2, article id 021003Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In supersonic aerospace applications, aerospike nozzles have been subject of growing interest. This study sheds light on the noise components of a cold jet exhausting an aerospike nozzle. Implicit large eddy simulations (ILES) are deployed to simulate the jet at a nozzle pressure ratio (NPR)=3. For far-field acoustic computation, the Ffowcs Williams-Hawk-ings (FWH) equation is applied. A mesh sensitivity study is performed and the jet instantaneous and time-averaged flow characteristics are analyzed. The annular shock structure displays short non-attached shock-cells and longer attached shock-cells. Downstream of the aerospike, a circular shock-cell structure is formed with long shock-cells. Two-point cross-correlations of data acquired at monitoring points located along the shear layers allow to identify upstream propagating waves associated to screech. Power spectral density at monitoring points in the annular shock-cell structure allows to identify its radial oscillation modes. Furthermore, a vortex sheet model is adapted to predict the annular shock-cells length and the BBSAN central frequency. High sound pressure levels (SPL) are detected at the determined BBSAN central frequencies. Finally, high SPL are obtained at the radial oscillation frequencies for the annular shock-cell structure.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ASME International , 2024. Vol. 146, no 2, article id 021003
Keywords [en]
aeroacoustics, computational fluid dynamics (CFD), nozzle, turbine aerodynamic design
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-341742DOI: 10.1115/1.4063877ISI: 001134180600006Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85180070049OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-341742DiVA, id: diva2:1823674
Note

QC 20240103

Available from: 2024-01-03 Created: 2024-01-03 Last updated: 2026-02-20Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Computational Aeroacoustics of Supersonic Jets exhausting twin and aerospike nozzle systems
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Computational Aeroacoustics of Supersonic Jets exhausting twin and aerospike nozzle systems
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This study investigates noise generation in supersonic jets with shock-cell structures in aerospike and twin-nozzle configurations using a computational aeroacoustic framework. Twin-nozzles offer simplified airframe integration compared to circular nozzles. However, supersonic jets exhausting twin nozzle systems might exhibit coupled oscillations resulting in elevated sound pressure levels. Aerospike nozzles offer altitude-adapting capabilities and potential improved thrust vector control. Moreover, their axisymmetric shape makes them ideal candidates for their integration in Rotating Detonation Engines (RDEs). Most research on aerospike nozzles has addressed their design and integration within RDEs, while comparatively less attention has been paid to jet behaviour and the associated acoustic signature. Moreover, the effect of high temperature, swirling, and RDE-like boundary conditions on the noise generation mechanisms still warrants further investigation. Although twin-nozzle systems have been widely studied, twin square nozzles remain comparatively underexplored. Non ideally-expanded jets exhibit a shock-cell structures whose interaction with downstream-convecting vortical structures constitutes the primary source of sound. To investigate the noise generation mechanisms, we conduct Large Eddy Simulations (LES) coupled with an aeroacoustic far-field calculation based on the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) equation at the aforementioned boundary conditions. The coupling mechanisms of the twin-nozzle jets are examined through an analysis of coherent structures based on Doak’s Momentum Potential Theory (MPT), and the numerical predictions show good agreement with the experimental data. The aerospike nozzle jet exhibits two shock-cell structures with distinct spacings: an annular structure around the aerospike, and a second structure forming downstream. High temperatures result in a shorter jet potential core and higher convection velocities of vortical structures, promoting Mach-wave radiation. Swirling boundary conditions shorten, and may even suppress, the downstream shock-cell structure. The screech generation mechanisms are investigated by deriving novel dispersion relations that describe the guided-jet modes (GJM) capable of closing the resonance loop in swirling circular and annular jets. Good agreement is found between the analytical models and the upstream-propagating GJM in the LES calculations. Elevated temperatures promote coupling between the screech resonance loops, a feature not observed under cold conditions. Finally, LES with RDC-like inlet conditions indicates that the oblique shock dominates the aeroacoustic signature. This study presents the first high-fidelity simulations combined with aeroacoustic characterization of supersonic aerospike nozzle jets. It specifically examines RDE-relevant boundary conditions, namely swirling flow and elevated temperatures. Established jet aeroacoustic models are applied and extended to capture the sound generation mechanisms associated with the annular geometry and unique flow conditions. Future work will investigate noise-reduction strategies, including chevrons and co-flow, to mitigate the oblique shock effects in the idealised RDC configuration.

Abstract [sv]

Denna studie undersöker bullergenerering i supersoniska jets med stötvågcellstrukturer i aerospike- och dubbla fyrkantiga dyskonfigurationer med hjälp av ett beräkningsmässigt aeroakustiskt ramverk. Dubbla fyrkantiga dysor möjliggör förenklad integration i flygplanskroppen jämfört med cirkulära dysor. Dubbla fyrkantiga supersoniska jets kan dock ge upphov till kopplade svängningar som resulterar i förhöjda ljudtrycksnivåer. Aerospike-dysor kännetecknas av höjdadaptionsförmåga och potentiellt förbättrad styrning av dragkraftsvektorn. Dessutom gör deras axialsymmetriska form dem till ideala kandidater för integration i roterande detonationsmotorer (RDE). De flesta undersökningarna av aerospike-dysor har handlat om deras design och integration i RDE, medan relativt sett mindre uppmärksamhet har ägnats åt jetens beteende och den därmed förknippade akustiska signaturen. Dessutom kräver effekterna av hög temperatur, virvlande och RDE-liknande randvillkor på mekanismerna för bullergenerering fortfarande ytterligare undersökning. Även om system med dubbla dysor har undersökts i stor utsträckning, är dubbla fyrkantiga dysor fortfarande relativt outforskade. Icke-idealt expanderade jets kännetecknas av en stötvågcellstruktur vars interaktion med nedströms konvekterade virvelstrukturer utgör den primära ljudkällan. För att analysera mekanismerna bakom ljudgenereringen genomför vi Large Eddy Simulations (LES) i kombination med en aeroakustisk fjärrfältsberäkning baserad på Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H)-ekvationen vid ovannämnda randvillkor. Kopplingsmekanismerna för dubbla fyrkantiga jets undersöks genom en analys av koherenta flödesstrukturer baserade på Doaks Momentum Potential Theory (MPT), och de numeriska förutsägelserna stämmer väl överens med experimentella data. Aerospike-dysans jet uppvisar två stötvågcellstrukturer med olika längd: en ringformad struktur runt aerospiken och en andra struktur som bildas nedströms. Höga temperaturer resulterar i en kortare jetpotentialkärna och högre konvektionshastigheter för virvelstrukturer, vilket främjar Mach-vågstrålning. Virvlande randvillkor förkortar, och kan till och med undertrycka, den nedströms liggande stötvågcellstrukturen. Mekanismerna bakom screech kartläggs genom att härleda nya dispersionsrelationer som beskriver de styrda jetmoderna (GJM) som kan stänga återkopplingsloopar i virvlande cirkulära och ringformade jets. Mycket god överensstämmelse observeras mellan de analytiska modellerna och de uppströmsutbredande GJM i LES-beräkningarna. Höga temperaturer främjar kopplingen mellan återkopplingsloopar för screech, en egenskap som inte observeras under kalla randvillkoren. Slutligen tyder de LES-resultaten med RDC-liknande inloppsvillkoren på att den sneda stötvågen dominerar den aeroakustiska signaturen. Denna studie presenterar de första högupplösta simuleringarna i kombination med aeroakustisk karakterisering av supersoniska aerospike-dysor. Den undersöker specifikt RDE-relevanta randvillkor, nämligen virvlande flöde och förhöjda temperaturer. Etablerade aeroakustiska jetmodeller tillämpas och utvidgas för att fånga upp ljudgenereringsmekanismerna som är förknippade med den ringformade geometrin och de unika flödesförhållandena. Framtida arbete kommer att undersöka strategier för bullerreducering, inklusive chevrons och co-flow, för att motverka effekterna av den sneda stötvågen i den idealiserade RDC-konfigurationen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2026:04
Keywords
Computational Aeroacoustics, Large Eddy Simulations, supersonic jets, aerospike nozzle, twin nozzle, rotating detonation combustion
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Research subject
Engineering Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-377079 (URN)978-91-8106-550-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-03-18, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/68179054484, F3 Flodis, Lindstedtsvägen 26, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
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QC260223

Available from: 2026-02-23 Created: 2026-02-20 Last updated: 2026-03-11Bibliographically approved

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Golliard, ThomasMihaescu, Mihai

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