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Aerial Base Stations: Practical Considerations for Power Consumption and Service Time
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Communication Systems, CoS.ORCID iD: 0009-0003-8642-4831
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Communication Systems, CoS.
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Communication Systems, CoS.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8517-7996
Airbus, Germany.
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2023 (English)In: GLOBECOM 2023 - 2023 IEEE Global Communications Conference, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2023, p. 5049-5054Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Aerial base stations (ABSs) have emerged as a promising solution to meet the high traffic demands of future wireless networks. Nevertheless, their practical implementation requires efficient utilization of limited payload and onboard energy. Understanding the power consumption streams, such as mechanical and communication power, and their relationship to the payload is crucial for analyzing its feasibility. Specifically, we focus on rotary-wing drones (RWDs), fixed-wing drones (FWDs), and high-altitude platforms (HAPs), analyzing their energy consumption models and key performance metrics such as power consumption, energy harvested-to-consumption ratio, and service time with varying wingspans, battery capacities, and regions. Our findings indicate that FWDs have longer service times and HAPs have energy harvested-to-consumption ratios greater than one, indicating theoretically infinite service time, especially when deployed in near-equator regions or have a large wingspan. Additionally, we investigate the case study of RWD-BS deployment, assessing aerial network dimensioning aspects such as ABS coverage radius based on altitude, environment, and frequency of operation. Our findings provide valuable insights for researchers and telecom operators, facilitating effective cost planning by determining the number of ABSs and backup batteries required for uninterrupted operations.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2023. p. 5049-5054
Keywords [en]
aerial base stations, aerial network, energy harvesting, power consumption, service time, Unmanned aerial vehicles
National Category
Communication Systems
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-344560DOI: 10.1109/GLOBECOM54140.2023.10437128ISI: 001178562005100Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85187316816OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-344560DiVA, id: diva2:1845948
Conference
2023 IEEE Global Communications Conference, GLOBECOM 2023, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Dec 4 2023 - Dec 8 2023
Note

ISBN 979-8-3503-1090-0

QC 20240326

Available from: 2024-03-20 Created: 2024-03-20 Last updated: 2026-01-06Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Non-Terrestrial Network Architecture and Design: Functional Splits, Handover Performance, and Service Availability
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Non-Terrestrial Network Architecture and Design: Functional Splits, Handover Performance, and Service Availability
2026 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The next generation of wireless communication systems envisions seamless global coverage through the integration of Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) with terrestrial infrastructures. Unlike terrestrial Base Stations (BSs), NTN platforms such as Rotary Wing Drones (RWDs), Fixed Wing Drones (FWDs), High-Altitude Platforms (HAPs), and Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites introduce challenges due to platform mobility, power limitations, and architectural constraints. These factors directly affect the service time—or equivalently, the availability—of communication links.

This thesis analyzes the design factors and architectural trade-offs that govern service availability across diverse NTN platforms. For Aerial Base Stations (ABSs), a unified framework is developed to evaluate power consumption and energy harvesting. The results show that RWDs sustain service for only 5–60 minutes with negligible solar harvesting benefits, whereas FWDs and HAPs extend operation to several hours and days, respectively. A network dimensioning study quantifies the number of ABSs and backup batteries required for continuous coverage, highlighting deployment constraints of energy-limited aerial systems.

For satellite-based NTNs, a digital twin framework is introduced to model end-to-end handover delays under realistic 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)-compliant assumptions. The results show that placing the gNB on-board reduces cumulative Conditional Handover (CHO) delay by approximately 25–30% relative to Split 7.2x, at the expense of 55–70% higher on-board computation. Constellation design strongly impacts availability: increasing satellite density beyond a threshold yields diminishing availability due to more frequent handovers. A medium-density, low-altitude constellation exhibits 11 minutes of daily downtime, increasing to 13–16 minutes when densified, whereas a sparser, higher-altitude constellation achieves only 5–7 minutes. The commonly cited 99.9% availability target for LEO is shown to be impractical; a maximum of approximately 99.2% is achievable, with functional split choices further reducing availability (e.g., from 99% to 98.5% when moving from gNB onboard to Split 7.2x).

Overall, this thesis provides a unified perspective on service time as a fundamental performance metric across NTN platforms—whether constrained by energy limitations in aerial systems or by handover dynamics in LEO satellite constellations—offering practical insights to guide the design and optimization of NTN.

Abstract [sv]

Den nästa generationens trådlösa kommunikationssystem förväntas möjliggöra sömlös global täckning genom integrering av Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) med terrestra nät. Till skillnad från stationära terrestra Base Stations (BSs) med stabil strömförsörjning innebär NTN-plattformar såsom Rotary Wing Drones (RWDs), Fixed Wing Drones (FWDs), High-Altitude Platforms (HAPs) och Low Earth Orbit (LEO)-satelliter utmaningar kopplade tillplattformsrörlighet, energi begränsningar och arkitektoniska funktioner. Dessa faktorer påverkar direkt tjänstetid—eller motsvarande tillgänglighet—förkommunikationslänkar till användare på marken.

Denna avhandling analyserar designfaktorer och arkitektoniska avvägningar som styr tjänstetillgänglighet över olika NTN-plattformar. För Aerial Base Stations (ABSs) utvecklas ett enhetligt ramverk för att utvärderaenergiförbrukning och solenergiskörd. Resultaten visar att RWDs endast kanupprätthålla tjänster i 5–60 minuter med obetydlig nytta av solenergi, medan FWDs och HAPs kan förlänga driftstiden till flera timmar respektivedagar. En nätverksdimensioneringsstudie kvantifierar dessutom antalet ABSsoch reservbatterier som krävs för kontinuerlig täckning, vilket belyser praktiska begränsningar för energibegränsade luftburna system.

För satellitbaserade NTNs introduceras ett digitalt tvillingramverk föratt modellera end-to-end-handoverfördröjningar under realistiska 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)-kompatibla antaganden. Resultaten visaratt placering av gNB ombord minskar den kumulativa Conditional Handover (CHO)-fördröjningen med cirka 25–30% jämfört med Split 7.2x, till priset av 55–70% högre beräkningsbelastning ombord. Konstellationsdesign harstor inverkan på tillgängligheten: ökad satellittäthet bortom en viss gräns germinskad tillgänglighet på grund av fler handover. En konstellation med medelhög täthet på låg höjd uppvisar omkring 11 minuters daglig nertid, vilketökar till 13–16 minuter vid högre täthet, medan en glesare konstellation påhögre höjd endast medför 5–7 minuter. Analysen visar att det ofta citeradetillgänglighetsmålet på 99.9% för LEO-system i praktiken är orealistiskt; enmaximal tillgänglighet runt 99.2% är möjlig, och funktionssplitten kan minska detta ytterligare (t.ex. från 99% till 98.5% vid övergång från gNB ombordtill Split 7.2x).

Sammantaget ger avhandlingen ett enhetligt perspektiv på tjänstetid somen grundläggande prestandametrik för NTNs—styrd av energibegränsningari luftburna plattformar och handoverdynamik i LEO-konstellationer—och erbjuder praktiska insikter för framtida design och optimering av NTN.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. p. xiii, 61
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2025:98
Keywords
Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN), Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellite Constellation, Service Availability, Conditional Handover (CHO), Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN), Functional Splits, Digital Twin, Aerial Base Station (ABS), Icke-jordbundna nätverk, Låg jordbana Satellitkonstellation, Tjänstetillgänglighet, Villkorlig överlämning, Öppen RAN, Funktionella uppdelningar, Digital tvilling, Flygbasstation
National Category
Communication Systems
Research subject
Information and Communication Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-374871 (URN)978-91-8106-443-8 (ISBN)
Presentation
2026-02-04, https://kth-se.zoom.us/s/66382096282, Harry Nyquist, Malvinas Väg 10, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Projects
6G-SKYSMART-6GSAT
Funder
Vinnova, 3541Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, 5807
Note

QC 20260107

Available from: 2026-01-07 Created: 2026-01-06 Last updated: 2026-03-02Bibliographically approved

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Sri Ganesh Seeram, Siva SatyaZhang, ShuaiÖzger, MustafaCavdar, Cicek

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