kth.sePublications KTH
Change search
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Continuous power imbalance assessment from multi-area economic dispatch models
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electric Power and Energy Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2789-0096
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electric Power and Energy Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8189-2420
System Development, Svenska kraftnät.
2024 (English)In: Renewable energy, ISSN 0960-1481, E-ISSN 1879-0682, Vol. 225, article id 120277Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

To be able to efficiently maintain a continuous balance between supply and demand in power systems with high shares of variable renewable energy (VRE) sources, a variety of studies related to the topic are needed. A fundamental input parameter for such studies is an assessment of the power system's physical needs for balancing power, in form of power imbalances. This article presents a new model for simulating physical power imbalances with a 1-minute time resolution based on multi-area economic dispatch simulations. Compared to existing models with the same purpose, the new model includes the combination of simulating power imbalances with 1-minute time resolution, simulating forecast uncertainty, simulating the continuous behaviour of all power system components and simulating the transmission for netting of power imbalances between balancing areas. By applying the model to a case study of the Nordic synchronous power system in year 2045, the impact of including these features in the model is highlighted. Case study results also show that the size and pattern of power imbalances much depends on the characteristics of a balancing area, in terms of electricity demand, available generation technologies and interconnections to other balancing areas.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier Ltd , 2024. Vol. 225, article id 120277
Keywords [en]
Balancing services, Economic dispatch, Future scenarios, Multi-area power system, Power imbalances
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-344596DOI: 10.1016/j.renene.2024.120277ISI: 001206853100001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85187224508OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-344596DiVA, id: diva2:1845984
Note

QC 20240325

Available from: 2024-03-20 Created: 2024-03-20 Last updated: 2025-10-09Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Continuous Balancing of Power Systems With High Shares of Wind and Solar Power: Methods for Estimation of Needs and Efficient Use of Balancing Services in Future Electricity Markets
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Continuous Balancing of Power Systems With High Shares of Wind and Solar Power: Methods for Estimation of Needs and Efficient Use of Balancing Services in Future Electricity Markets
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Transmission System Operators (TSOs) are responsible for maintaining the continuous balance in power systems, ensuring that intended electricity production matches demand in real time. To achieve this, they procure balancing services, i.e., resources that can adjust their production or consumption in response to system needs. The growing shares of Variable Renewable Energy (VRE) sources increase the operational uncertainty and variability, creating new challenges related to continuous balancing. At the same time, emerging flexible technologies and stronger European cooperation offer new opportunities to address these challenges. These developments make the efficient use and design of balancing services in VRE-dominated systems an urgent research topic. This thesis presents a series of research works focusing on the future needs for, and efficient use of, balancing services in power systems with high shares of wind and solar power.

The thesis first presents a comparative analysis of continuous balancing strategies in six power systems with ambitious VRE targets. The findings indicate that there appears to be no single solution to continuous balancing at high VRE shares, and that a broad set of technologies needs to contribute to the future continuous balancing.

Then, the Power Imbalance Model (PIM) is introduced as a new simulation framework for generating 1-minute resolution power imbalance scenarios. By using economic dispatch results as input data, PIM generates imbalance scenarios by detailed modelling of power system technologies, enabling both long-term assessment of balancing needs and generation of realistic input data for operational mechanisms.

Next, the thesis evaluates the benefits of a dynamic dimensioning approach for Frequency Restoration Reserves (FRR) in the Nordic area, using a newly developed FRR dimensioning model that incorporates chance-constrained optimization and PIM data. The results demonstrate that dynamic dimensioning adapts reserve requirements to operating conditions more efficiently, maintaining the operational reliability at the desired level.

Thereafter, a new market clearing mechanism for the Nordic manual FRR (mFRR) capacity market is proposed. By accounting for both capacity and expected activation costs, the mechanism yields considerable cost savings compared to current practices. The resulting optimization problem is efficiently solved with a tailored decomposition algorithm.

Finally, a stochastic optimization model for system cost-minimizing Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) scheduling is developed. This model is applied to analyze the impact of new requirements on Limited Energy Reservoir (LER) technologies providing Frequency Containment Reserves (FCR). Results indicate that such requirements considerably reduce the BESSs' FCR provision.

Overall, the thesis advances both the modeling tools and the design of operational mechanisms needed to ensure a reliable and cost-efficient continuous balancing of future European power systems with high VRE shares.

Abstract [sv]

Systemansvariga för transmissionsnät (TSO:er) ansvarar för att upprätthålla den kontinuerliga balansen i elsystem genom att säkerställa att den planerade elproduktionen motsvarar efterfrågan i realtid. För att uppnå detta upphandlar de balanstjänster, det vill säga resurser som kan justera sin produktion eller konsumtion efter systemets behov. En högre andel av variabla förnybara energikällor (VRE) ökar osäkerheten och variabiliteten i driften, vilket skapar nya utmaningar kopplade till den kontinuerliga balanseringen. Samtidigt erbjuder nya flexibla teknologier och ett starkare europeiskt samarbete nya möjligheter att möta dessa utmaningar. Dessa trender gör den effektiva användningen och utformningen av balanstjänster i VRE-dominerade system till ett viktigt forskningsområde. Denna avhandling presenterar en rad forskningsarbeten med fokus på framtida behov av, och effektiv användning av, balanstjänster i elsystem med höga andelar vind- och solkraft.

Avhandlingen presenterar först en jämförande analys av strategier för kontinuerlig balansering i sex elsystem som strävar mot en hög andel variabla förnybara energikällor. Resultaten visar att det inte verkar finnas någon enskild lösning för kontinuerlig balansering i dessa typer av elsystem och att ett brett spektrum av teknologier behöver bidra till den framtida kontinuerliga balanseringen.

Därefter introduceras Power Imbalance Model (PIM) som ett nytt simuleringsramverk för att generera effektobalansscenarier med en tidsupplösning på en minut. Genom att använda resultat från ekonomisk lastfördelning som indata genererar PIM obalansscenarier genom detaljerad modellering av elsystemets teknologier, vilket möjliggör både långsiktiga bedömningar av balanseringsbehov och generering av realistisk indata till driftrelaterade mekanismer.

Nästa del av avhandlingen utvärderar fördelarna med en dynamisk dimensioneringsmetod för frekvensåterställningsreserver (FRR) i Norden, med hjälp av en nyutvecklad FRR-dimensioneringsmodell som bygger på sannolikhetsbegränsad optimering och PIM-data. Resultaten visar att dynamisk dimensionering bättre anpassar reservbehoven till rådande driftförhållanden, vilket gör att driftsäkerheten hålls på den eftersträvade nivån.

Därefter föreslås en ny marknadsklareringsmekanism för den nordiska kapacitetsmarknaden för manuell FRR (mFRR). Genom att beakta både kapacitetskostnader och förväntade aktiveringskostnader kan mekanismen leda till betydande kostnadsbesparingar jämfört med nuvarande praxis. Det motsvarande optimeringsproblemet löses effektivt med en specifikt anpassad lösningsalgoritm.

Slutligen utvecklas en stokastisk optimeringsmodell för systemkostnadsminimerande driftplanering av batterisystem. Modellen används för att analysera effekten av nya krav på teknologier med en begränsad energireserv som tillhandahåller frekvenshållningsreserver (FCR). Resultaten visar att sådana krav avsevärt minskar batterisystems levererade FCR-volymer. 

Sammanfattningsvis bidrar avhandlingen med både nya modelleringsverktyg och utformning av nya driftrelaterade mekanismer, vilka behövs för att säkerställa en tillförlitlig och kostnadseffektiv kontinuerlig balansering av framtida europeiska elsystem med höga andelar VRE-resurser.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. xv, 126
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2025:79
Keywords
Electricity Markets, Power System Balancing, Variable Renewable Energy, Balancing Services, Frequency Containment Reserve, Automatic and Manual Frequency Restoration Reserves, Imbalance Simulation, Reserve Dimensioning, Reserve Capacity Markets, Battery Scheduling, Stochastic Optimization, MILP, Decomposition Algorithms, Elmarknader, Kraftsystembalansering, Variabel Förnybar Energi, Balanstjänster, Frekvenshållningsreserv, Automatisk och Manuell Frekvensåterställningsreserv, Obalanssimulering, Reservdimensionering, Reservkapacitetsmarknader, Driftplanering av Batterier, Stokastisk Optimering, MILP, Nedbrytningsalgoritmer
National Category
Energy Systems Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Research subject
Electrical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-371387 (URN)978-91-8106-379-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-11-10, https://kth-se.zoom.us/s/61811645829, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 51292-1Swedish National Grid, 51292-1
Note

QC 20251010

Available from: 2025-10-10 Created: 2025-10-09 Last updated: 2025-10-20Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

No full text in DiVA

Other links

Publisher's full textScopus

Authority records

Nordström, HenrikSöder, Lennart

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Nordström, HenrikSöder, Lennart
By organisation
Electric Power and Energy Systems
In the same journal
Renewable energy
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar

doi
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

doi
urn-nbn
Total: 342 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf