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A numerical study on multi-nozzle spray cooling of downward-facing heater surface
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Science and Engineering.
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Science and Engineering.
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Science and Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2307-0709
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Physics, Nuclear Science and Engineering.
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2024 (English)In: Progress in nuclear energy (New series), ISSN 0149-1970, E-ISSN 1878-4224, Vol. 173, article id 105234Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

An experimental study on multi-nozzle spray cooling of a downward-facing heater surface has been carried out in the SPAYCOR facility at KTH, to provide data assessing the feasibility of spray cooling for in-vessel melt retention (IVR) in light water reactors. To help understand the characteristics and influential factors of the liquid film formed on the heater surface in spray, a numerical study on the dynamics of an isothermal liquid film on the heater surface has also been performed by adopting the OpenFOAM platform, and Eulerian and Lagrangian methods for liquid film and droplets, respectively. The present study is an extension of the previous modeling from hydrodynamics to thermal-hydraulics of the spray cooling problem, via adding heat flux of the heater and two convective heat transfer models between the heater wall and the liquid film. Moreover, droplets-film interaction model is modified. The SPAYCOR experiment is simulated by the numerical models, and the simulation results show a good agreement between the numerical and experimental data, in particular when the modified droplets-film interaction model is applied. After the validation of the numerical models against the SPAYCOR experiment, the numerical models are employed to investigate influential factors on heat transfer, such as mass flux, nozzle-to-surface distance, and nozzle matrix layout. The results indicate that heat transfer is enhanced by increasing mass flux and decreasing nozzle-to-surface distance, and the change of nozzle matrix from inline to staggered layout has little impact on heat removal capacity or temperature distribution of the multi-nozzle spray cooling.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2024. Vol. 173, article id 105234
Keywords [en]
Spray cooling, Downward -facing heater surface, Multi -nozzle spray, Heat -transfer, Numerical simulation
National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-347886DOI: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2024.105234ISI: 001238715600001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85192020599OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-347886DiVA, id: diva2:1872301
Note

QC 20240618

Available from: 2024-06-18 Created: 2024-06-18 Last updated: 2025-05-22Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Experimental and Numerical Studies on Spray Cooling of Downward-Facing Heater Surfaces
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Experimental and Numerical Studies on Spray Cooling of Downward-Facing Heater Surfaces
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In a severe accident of light water reactors (LWRs), the molten core materials (corium) may relocate to the lower plenum of the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) and consequently impose significant thermal and mechanical loadings on the lower head of RPV. To mitigate the risk of RPV failure due to the corium attack, the external surface of the RPV lower head can be cooled by water through an in-vessel melt retention (IVMR) strategy. In the conventional IVMR design of pressurized water reactors (PWRs), the external cooling of RPV is realized by flooding the reactor cavity and forming natural circulation boiling across the lower head.  The cooling capacity is bounded by the critical heat flux (CHF) of natural circulation boiling. To overcome limitation of the conventional IVMR measure, an alternative IVMR measure was proposed in this work, which implements an efficient water spray system to cool the external surface of the lower head. 

The study of this doctoral thesis is oriented to examine the feasibility of spray cooling in the alternative IVMR strategy. For this purpose, an extensive investigation on spray cooling of a downward-facing heater surface was accomplished in this thesis, including both experimental and numerical studies on the cooling performance and influential factors that affect performance of multiple spray nozzles. The numerical models with high-fidelity predictive capabilities for multi-nozzle spray cooling of the downward-facing heater surface were validated against the experimental data. The key points of the research and the results are as follows. 

·       In experimental studies, heat transfer characteristics of water spray of an array of 2×2 spray nozzles over a relatively large heater surface were investigated. The effects of surface inclination, nozzle-to-surface distance and flowrate on spray heat transfer were investigated for the first time on the downward-facing heater surface. The heater was made of a 150 μm thick SA302B steel foil with a surface of 120 mm ´ 80 mm. Joule heating was applied by connecting the specimen to the electrodes of a DC power supply of low voltage and high current. Four full-cone pressure-swirl spray nozzles were used in the experiment. The test matrix includes the following variations of parameters: six surface inclinations (between 15 deg and 90 deg), four coolant flowrates, and three nozzle-to-surface distances. The experimental results indicated an efficient cooling potential of the multi-nozzle water spray over the downward-facing heater surface, with a maximum heat removal up to 2.50 MW/m2. The cooling performance was enhanced by increasing flowrate, but the enhancement by flowrate was diminishing after an intermediate flowrate. The surface inclination had a negligible impact on the cooling performance.

·       In numerical studies, simulation models to predict the spray cooling process were developed by adopting a coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian methodology implemented in the open-source CFD code package OpenFOAM. Prior to simulation of experiments, a validation of the models was conducted against analytical solutions of relevant hydrodynamic problems, and the results confirmed the predictive accuracy in liquid film dynamics and spray impingement on inclined surfaces. The predicted liquid film morphology had a good agreement with the experimental observation under adiabatic conditions. 

·       The numerical models were further extended to the modeling of heat transfer, thin film boiling and conjugate heat transfer in the spray cooling problem. The simulation results of full- and partial-coverage of the heater surface by respective 6- and 4-nozzle array showed reasonable agreements with experimental data across various surface inclinations. The validation exercises demonstrated the capability of the numerical approach to model complex multiphase heat transfer phenomena encountered in the spray cooling.

This work did not only improve our understanding of multi-nozzle spray cooling mechanisms over a downward-facing heater surface, but also provided basic experimental data and numerical approach for further assessment of spray cooling application to the IVMR strategy in nuclear reactor safety.

Abstract [sv]

Under svåra haverier av lättvattenreaktorer (LWR) leder till omlokaliseringen av smält kärnbränsle (corium) till reaktortankens nedre plenum till betydande termisk och mekanisk belastning på tanken. För att minska risken för reaktortankhaveri på grund av termisk degradering i konventionella konstruktioner av avancerade tryckvattenreaktorer (PWR) för kvarhållning i reaktortryckkärlet (IVMR) genom översvämning av utrymmet under reaktortanken. Kylkapaciteten begränsas av det kritiska värmeflödet (CHF) av den naturliga cirkulationskokningen. För att öka säkerhetsmarginalerna utöver konventionella metoder föreslår denna doktorsavhandling införandet av ett effektivt sprutkylningssystem som en alternativ metod för kylning av reaktortankens nedre plenum. Genomförandet av sprutbaserad IVMR konceptualiseras genom en undersökning av sprutkylningsmekanismer med varierande lutningar.

Det primära syftet med denna doktorsavhandling är att genomföra experimentella undersökningar av prestandan hos ett sprutkylningssystem och dess  faktorer som påverkar IVMR-strategier. Numeriska modeller med hög precision har utvecklats för att modellera sprutkylning med flera munstycken på en nedåtvänd yta har utvecklats. Studien fokuserar på följande huvudpunkter:

I den experimentella delen undersöktes värmetransportförmpågan hos en 2×2-munstyckegitter (fyra fullkoniska tryckvirvelsprutmunstycken) som påverkade en stor värmeyta riktat nedåt. Effekterna av sex lutningarna (mellan 15 deg–90 deg), avstånd mellan munstycke och yta samt flödeshastighet analyserades för första gången inom IVR-ERVC-applikationer. Testerna utfördes på SA302B med en tjocklek på 150 μm och en yta på 120 mm ´ 80 mm, uppvärmd med Joule-effekten med högström och lågspännings likström. Resultaten visade en maximal kylkapacitet på cirka 2,50 MW/m², med tydlig påverkan av flödeshastighet med optimal prestanda vid medelflöden, medan lutningen hade försumbar effekt.·        En kopplad Euler-Lagrange-metodik implementerades i OpenFOAM för att simulera sprutkylningsprocessen. Modellerna validerades mot teoretiska fall med analytiska lösningar, vilket bekräftade noggrannheten i att uppskatta vätskefilmdynamik vid både sprutpåverkan och lutande ytor innan experimenten simulerades. Den simulerade filmmorfologin hade god överensstämmelse med  experimentella observationer under adiabatiska förhållanden.

·        Modellerna utökades med värmetransport, filmskokning och konjugerad värmetransport i fasta material. Simuleringar av fullständig (6-munstycken) och partiell (4-munstycken) täckning av ytan visade stark korrelation med datan från experimenten över olika lutningar, vilket validerade förmågan att hantera komplexflerfasvärmetransport av sprutkylning.

Denna studie främjar förståelsen av sprutkylningsmekanismer för IVMR-applikationer genom att tillhandahålla empiriska och beräkningsmässiga bevis på flersprutssystemens lämplighet för att hantera extrema termiska belastningar. De validerade modellerna erbjuder ett robust verktyg för framtida säkerhetsanalyser av kärnreaktorer.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. xxii, 83
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2025:27
Keywords
Severe accident, in-vessel melt retention, spray cooling, computational fluid dynamics, Eulerian-Lagrangian method., Behållarintern smältretention, sprutkylning, beräkningsströmningsmekanik (CFD), Euler-Lagrange-metoden.
National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-363829 (URN)978-91-8106-310-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-06-09, FB52, AlbaNova, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm, 09:30 (English)
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Note

QC 2025-05-23

Available from: 2025-05-23 Created: 2025-05-22 Last updated: 2025-05-23Bibliographically approved

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Fang, DiXiang, YanDeng, YuchengZhao, LuMa, Weimin

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