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Autonomously Modulating Gate Drivers For Triangular-Current Mode (TCM) Zero-Voltage Switching (ZVS) Buck Converter
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electric Power and Energy Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4178-7829
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Electrical Engineering, Electric Power and Energy Systems.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1755-1365
RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, Department Smart Hardware, Kista, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5027-3491
2023 (English)In: Proceedings of 22nd International Symposium on Power Electronics, Ee 2023, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2023Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This paper introduces a novel approach to designing autonomous gate drivers for soft-switched buck converters. The objective is to reduce switching losses, enhance converter efficiency, and reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI). The uniqueness of this converter is that the pulse-width modulation is performed autonomously on the gate driver. The gate driver makes quick decisions on switching times, capitalizing on the minimal time delay between measurements and switching. In the proposed buck converter configuration, the gate driver senses both the current and voltage across the switches to avoid delay. When a slightly negative voltage is detected across the switch, it rapidly turns on, resulting in a zero-voltage switching (ZVS). With an external snubber capacitor placed across the switches, the turn-off switching losses are zero (ZVS). Hence, both the turn-on and turn-off of the switch are soft. To enable the switch to turn off, a reference value of the switch current needs to be sent out to the gate driver using a galvanically isolated current sensor. Through this approach, the efficiency of the 7 kW buck converter has been calculated to exceed 99% without including the filter losses. Additional benefits include reduced switch stresses, diminished electromagnetic interference (EMI), and simplified thermal management.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2023.
Keywords [en]
autonomous gate drivers, efficiency, power loss, SiC-based buck converter, triangular-current mode (TCM), zero-voltage switching (ZVS)
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-350176DOI: 10.1109/Ee59906.2023.10346144Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85182024075OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-350176DiVA, id: diva2:1883148
Conference
22nd International Symposium on Power Electronics, Ee 2023, Novi Sad, Serbia, Oct 25 2023 - Oct 28 2023
Note

Part of ISBN 9798350343175

QC 20240709

Available from: 2024-07-09 Created: 2024-07-09 Last updated: 2025-09-26Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Silicon Carbide (SiC)-Based Soft-Switched Power Converters with Autonomous Gate Drivers for Electric Vehicles
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Silicon Carbide (SiC)-Based Soft-Switched Power Converters with Autonomous Gate Drivers for Electric Vehicles
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The electrification of transportation demands power conversion systems that are highly efficient, compact, reliable, and exhibit low electromagnetic interference (EMI). In electric vehicle (EV) drive applications, the two-level three-phase traction inverter is a key component that should exhibit high efficiency across varying loads and reliable operation at elevated switching frequencies.

This thesis presents a scalable, high-performance inverter design that combines autonomous gate drivers (AGDs) with optimized magnetic components. It incorporates snubber capacitors across each SiC MOSFET and a compact LC low-pass filter between the inverter output and motor terminals to enable effective soft switching and reduce EMI. This approach addresses key challenges in EV power conversion, offering a path toward compact, efficient, and EMI-compliant traction inverters for next-generation electric mobility.

The novel AGD design achieves zero-voltage switching (ZVS) under triangular current mode (TCM) control by continuously monitoring the switch voltage and current to determine optimal switching instants in real time. Direct sensing of switch conditions removes communication delays and ensures efficient ZVS at both turn-on and turn-off. The turn-off timing is set by an externally defined reference current transmitted through a galvanically isolated amplifier.

Simulation of a 10 kW two-level, three-phase inverter employing the proposed AGDs demonstrates over 99 % efficiency, sinusoidal current waveforms, and fast torque response with minimal overshoot and EMI. The integrated LC filter improves the output waveform quality while supporting soft-switching operation.

Experimental validation of the AGD concept was performed using a buck converter prototype. The AGDs operated independently of a central controller, initiating turn-on based on negative voltage detection and enabling lossless turn-off through a snubber capacitor. The system achieved ZVS at both transitions, confirming the practicality and scalability of the proposed gate-driving approach. For current sensing, the AGD employs the on-state resistance (Rds(on)) of SiC MOSFETs, eliminating the need for external shunt resistors. This reduces component count, avoids parasitic effects, and potentially increases reliability.

The thesis also investigates the design of filter inductors suitable for TCM-based ZVS inverters. Three prototypes were constructed using ferrite pot cores with Litz wire, copper foil, and solid round copper wire windings. Inductance was measured experimentally, and power losses were evaluated through Ansys Maxwell simulations under high ripple current and variable frequency conditions. Litz wire demonstrated superior performance in minimizing both copper and core losses. A dual-inductor configuration per phase—six inductors in total—is recommended for effective current handling and thermal management.

Abstract [sv]

Elektrifieringen av transport kräver effektomvandlingssystem som är mycket effektiva, kompakta, pålitliga och som uppvisar låg elektromagnetisk störning (EMI). I elfordonsapplikationer (EV) är den tvånivåiga trefasiga drivomvandlaren en nyckelkomponent som måste ha hög effektivitet över varierande belastningar och pålitlig drift vid höga switchfrekvenser.

Denna avhandling presenterar en skalbar och högpresterande omvandlardesign som kombinerar autonoma gate-drivare (AGD) med optimerade magnetiska komponenter. Den inkluderar snubber-kondensatorer över varje SiC MOSFET och ett kompakt LC-lågpassfilter mellan omvandlarens utgång och motorterminalerna för att möjliggöra effektiv mjukomkoppling och minska EMI. Denna metod tar itu med viktiga utmaningar inom EV-effektomvandling och banar väg för kompakta, effektiva och EMI-kompatibla drivomvandlare för nästa generations elektriska mobilitet.

Den nya AGD-designen uppnår nollspänningsomkoppling (ZVS) under triangulär strömmode (TCM) styrning genom att kontinuerligt övervaka switchens spänning och ström för att bestämma optimala omskiftningstidpunkter i realtid. Direkt avkänning av switchförhållanden eliminerar kommunikationsförseningar och säkerställer effektiv ZVS vid både på- och avslagning. Avslagnings-tidpunkten styrs av en externt definierad referensström som överförs via en galvaniskt isolerad förstärkare.

Simulering av en 10kW tvånivåig trefasomvandlare med de föreslagna AGD:erna visar över 99% verkningsgrad, sinusformade strömvågor och snabb momentrespons med minimal överslängning och EMI. Det integrerade LC-filtret förbättrar utgångsvågformen samtidigt som det stödjer mjukomkopplingsdrift.

Experimentell validering av AGD-konceptet utfördes med en buck- omvandlarprototyp. AGD:erna fungerade oberoende av en central styrenhet, initierade påslagning baserat på negativ spänningsdetektion och möjliggjorde förlustfri avslagning genom en snubber-kondensator. Systemet uppnådde ZVS vid båda övergångarna, vilket bekräftar praktikaliteten och skalbarheten i den föreslagna gate-drivningsmetoden. För strömmätning använder AGD:erna SiC MOSFET:arnas påslagsresistans (Rds(on)), vilket eliminerar behovet av externa shuntmotstånd. Detta minskar komponentantalet, undviker parasitiska effekter och ökar potentiellt tillförlitligheten.

Avhandlingen undersöker även utformningen av filterinduktorer lämpliga för TCM-baserade ZVS-omvandlare. Tre prototyper konstruerades med ferritpotkärnor och lindningar av Litz-tråd, kopparfolie och solida runda koppartrådar. Induktansen mättes experimentellt och effektförluster utvärderades med Ansys Maxwell-simuleringar under höga ripple-strömmar och varierande frekvenser. Litz-tråden visade överlägsen prestanda vad gäller minimering av både koppar- och kärnförluster. En dubbelinduktor-konfiguration per fas — totalt sex induktorer — rekommenderas för effektiv strömhantering och termisk kontroll.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. ix, 69
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2025:84
Keywords
Autonomous Gate Drivers (AGDs), Electric Vehicles (EVs), Electromagnetic Interference (EMI), Finite Element Method (FEM), Filter Inductor, Printed Circuit Board (PCB), Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM), Silicon Carbide (SiC), Soft Switching, Traction Inverter, Triangular Current Mode (TCM), Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS), Autonoma grinddrivare (AGD), Elfordon (EV), Elektromagnetiska störningar (EMI), Finita elementmetoden (FEM), Filterinduktor, Tryckt kretskort (PCB), Permanentmagnet-synkronmotor (PMSM), Kiselkarbid (SiC), Drivomriktare, Triangulärt strömsläge (TCM), Mjukomkoppling, Nollspänningsswitchning (ZVS)
National Category
Engineering and Technology
Research subject
Electrical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-370486 (URN)978-91-8106-405-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-10-24, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/63418851724, Room no: 132, Code: F3 (Flodis) , Floor: 02, Lindstedtsvägen 26 & 28, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 44833-1/P2017-90020
Note

QC 20250926

Available from: 2025-09-26 Created: 2025-09-26 Last updated: 2025-10-01Bibliographically approved

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Abbas, KhizraNee, Hans-PeterKostov, Konstantin

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