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Structural and mechanical aspects in the print nip and their effect on the ink transfer in flexographic packaging printing
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics. RISE Research Institutes of Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4672-1511
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Flexographic packaging printing on paperboard is a simple yet complicated process. The working principle of flexographic printing is simple to understand, especially if one has done potato printing as a child. A raised pattern is cut out of half a potato, dipped in paint and pressed to a paper. The same basic principle is true for industry scale printing too. A raised pattern on a soft polymeric print plate is covered in ink. The ink is transferred by bringing the surfaces together with force. Unlike the kitchen-table version, the print speed can be in the scale of 600 m/min. And the print plate can carry detailed patterns or text that have to be rendered visually attractive and legible. In the present work the material considered in a printing context is mainly commercial liquid packaging paperboard. The type of paperboard one would find in e.g. a milk carton. The thesis explores a few aspects that affect the ink transfer in a print nip. How fast the paperboard is compressed, what happens with a non-smooth surface and how the pressure profile in the nip affects the print.

The compression of the paperboard in a print nip is many times faster than any standard method for measuring the compressive properties of paperboard. Paper and paperboard are known to be rate-dependent materials, they creep under long-time loads. Information on the material behavior under rapid compression has, however, been lacking. The present work therefore investigates what happens when the paperboard is compressed at the rate in a print nip. The main effect is seen in the stiffening of the coating layer.

A well-known way to improve the ink transfer is to increase the impression. The impression is increased by decreasing the distance between the cylinders in the print press. However, there are limits to how far increasing the impression is possible or still makes an improvement. When printing on sensitive materials and increased impression could lead to damage. The wear on the print plates is also higher with increased impression. The parts of the print that consists of raster dots will be more deformed with a higher impression, leading to a deterioration in print quality. In the present work simulations are performed where different surface roughness and material stiffnesses are combined to explore their interaction and effect on the stress distribution in rolling compression. Unsurprising, the surface roughness has the largest effect. However, since the material have a non-linear response to increased loads the lateral stress distribution changes position with increasing impression. Additionally, large hills and valleys on the bottom side of the paperboard can have an effect on the stress distribution on a smoother top-side.

Increasing the impression in a print nip is performed by bringing the cylinders in the print press closer together. The effect is that both the maximum pressure and the contact between paperboard and print plate, the nip length, increases simultaneously. The present work separates the two, and considers the print result. By increasing the maximum pressure while keeping the nip-length constant, the ink transfer to the paperboard is increased. However, by increasing the nip-length while keeping the maximum pressure constant, the ink transfer to the paperboard is decreased.

Abstract [sv]

Flexografisk tryckning av vätskekartong är en process som både är förrädiskt enkel och enormt komplicerad. Tryckprincipen är enkel att förstå, de flesta har säkert gjort potatistryck som små. Skurit ut ett upphöjt mönster i en halv potatis, doppat i färg och tryckt på ett papper. Samma princip gäller egentligen även i industriskala. Ett upphöjt mönster på en mjuk polymerplåt täcks med färg. Färgen förs över till det man vill trycka på genom att föra ihop ytorna med kraft. Till skillnad från hemma vid köksbordet sker färgöverföringen med en hastighet som kan ligga på 600 m/min och med finskaliga mönster och text som ska återges både visuellt tilltalande och läsligt. Materialet som undersöks i det här arbetet är huvudsakligen kommersiell vätskekartong. Den sortens kartong som ofta återfinns omslutande mjölk eller krossade tomater. I den här avhandlingen utforskas ett par olika aspekter som påverkar hur väl färgöverföringen sker i ett trycknyp. Hur snabbt kartongen komprimeras, vad som händer med en yta som inte är slät och hur tryckpulsen påverkar färgöverföringen.

Kompressionen i ett trycknyp går många gånger snabbare än någon standardmetod för att mäta kompressionsstyvheten i kartong. Papper och kartong är tidsberoende material, de kryper. Dvs, när de utsätts för tryck under lång tid så mjuknar de. Här undersöks därför vad som händer när man går åt andra hållet och kompressionshastigheten ökar. Styvheten i kartongen när den komprimeras med hastigheten i ett trycknyp undersöktes. Framför allt visade det sig att bestrykningsskiktets styvhet påverkades av höghastighets-kompressionen. 

Ett välkänt sätt att förbättra färgöverföringen är att trycka hårdare. Det finns däremot begränsningar som gör att det inte är möjligt eller att det inte förbättrar att trycka hårdare. Sker tryckningen på ett känsligt material kan en hårdare intryckning skada materialet. Det sliter även på tryckplåtarna. I partier som utgörs av rasterpunkter kommer de att deformeras av det högre trycket och försämra resultatet. Dessutom finns det en gräns där tryckresultatet inte längre förbättras, även när man trycker hårdare och hårdare. I det här arbetet kombineras olika ytstrukturer och styvhet på material för att undersöka hur jämn tryckfördelningen blir när de rullar igenom ett trycknyp tillsammans. Föga förvånande har ytstrukturen störst påverkan. Men eftersom materialen inte svarar linjärt på högre kraft förflyttas områdena med jämn tryckfördelning när man ökar kraften. Dessutom kan tillräckligt stora gropar och toppar på baksidan av kartongen ha effekter även på en väldigt slät trycksida. 

När lasten eller intryckningen ökas i ett trycknyp så görs detta genom att föra samman cylindrarna i tryckpressen. Det innebär att maxlasten på kartongen ökar, samtidigt som kontakten mellan kartong och kliché (nyplängden) ökar. Här undersöks därför vad som händer med tryckresultatet när man separerar maxlast och nyplängd. Vid högre maxlast men konstant nyplängd förs lite mer färg över till kartongen. Däremot vid ökande nyplängd med samma maxlast förs lite mindre färg över till kartongen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. , p. 77
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2024:42
National Category
Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology
Research subject
Engineering Mechanics; Solid Mechanics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-352051ISBN: 978-91-8106-036-2 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-352051DiVA, id: diva2:1893658
Public defence
2024-09-27, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/69982785601, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26 & 28, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 240830

Available from: 2024-08-30 Created: 2024-08-30 Last updated: 2025-12-03Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Mechanical response of paperboard in rapid compression – the rapid ZD-tester, a measurement technique
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Mechanical response of paperboard in rapid compression – the rapid ZD-tester, a measurement technique
2022 (English)In: Advances in Pulp and Paper Research, Cambridge 2022: Transactions of the 17th Fundamental Research Symposium / [ed] Douglas W. Coffin, Warren J. Batchelor, Cambridge, 2022, Vol. 1, p. 311-331, article id PaperboardConference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Paperboard is a common material for packages and other carriers of information. During rotary printing processes, the paperboard is subjected to rapid deformations in the out-of-plane direction as it passes through the nip between the rolls of the printer. Being viscoelastic in nature, the mechanical response of the material to high deformation rates differs from what is measured with conventional testing conducted at slower deformation rates. In this work, a device called the rapid ZD-tester is used to show the response of paperboards subjected to a rapid pressure pulse and compare this to measurements made at lower strain rates in a common universal testing machine. All the tested paperboards show complete recovery within 5 s when being rapidly compressed, while the slower compression to the same pressure leaves a deformation that remains after 5 s. The stiffness response differs between the paperboards, but does not consistently increase or decrease between slow or rapid compressions. The difference in response between slow and rapid compression appears larger for the low-density paperboard in the study.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Cambridge: , 2022
Keywords
paperboard, compression, kartong, kompression
National Category
Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-324231 (URN)
Conference
17th Fundamental Research Symposium - Cambridge, United Kingdom, 28th August - 1st September 2022
Note

Part of proceedings ISBN 978-0-9926163-6-6

QC 20230223

Available from: 2023-02-23 Created: 2023-02-23 Last updated: 2024-08-30Bibliographically approved
2. Rapid, Out-Of-Plane Compression of Paperboard: Influence of Impact Velocity on The Surface
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Rapid, Out-Of-Plane Compression of Paperboard: Influence of Impact Velocity on The Surface
2023 (English)In: TAPPICon 2023 Proceedings, 2023Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Keywords
paperboard, ZD-compression, rapid compression, surface effects
National Category
Applied Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-336539 (URN)
Conference
TAPPICon 2023, April 22-26, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
Note

QC 20230928

Available from: 2023-09-13 Created: 2023-09-13 Last updated: 2024-08-30Bibliographically approved
3. Effects of the structural morphology on the compressive response of paperboard
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effects of the structural morphology on the compressive response of paperboard
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The paper structure heavily influences the initial part of the ZD-compression curve of paperboard, and due to this, the initial part is often overlooked or disregarded. In the context of contact printing, however, surface roughness is vital to attain print uniformity. The present study delves into the effect of surface roughness of commercial paperboard and how it affects the compression response. A finite element (FE) model of a compression test has been constructed. The approach exercised in this study systematically varies surface morphology amplitudes and wavelengths of a simulated paperboard in the FE-model. The simulations are carried out with commercial software and material models, and the focus is on the structural variations in the sheet. The initial curvature of the compression curve is quantified using the initial energy. The simulations also enable the study of the stress variations underneath the compression probe. The study shows that both the surface roughness’ magnitude and spatial characteristics, as well as the relative placement of the roughness on top and bottom, will affect the initial energy. Additionally, the stress variations show that cases with similar initial energy can have their cause in different mechanisms. Therefore, the local contact conditions and pressure uniformity might not be visible in the global compression response. 

Keywords
paperboard, compression, surface roughness, kartong, kompression, ytråhet
National Category
Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology
Research subject
Solid Mechanics; Engineering Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-351871 (URN)10.2139/ssrn.4841295 (DOI)
Note

QC 20240827

Available from: 2024-08-19 Created: 2024-08-19 Last updated: 2024-08-30Bibliographically approved
4. Simulations of the lateral stress variations in a flexographic print nip
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Simulations of the lateral stress variations in a flexographic print nip
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Contact printing, calendaring, and coating of packaging paperboard are standard industry processes that utilize rolling nips. The pressure pulse, maximum pressure, and duration have been extensively studied regarding its effect on the substrate and how it can be changed and controlled to achieve the desired effect. The present study considers lateral variations of the stress in a rolling process. A parametric study of the surface roughness, substrate stiffness, cylinder cover stiffness, and changed nip engagement or impression is performed using Finite Element Modelling. The simulation shows that a smooth surface does not completely negate the effects of the structural thickness. The impression has the most significant impact, and the combination of roughness and non-linear material means that the pressure distribution can change drastically, not just the maximum pressure pulse. Additionally, different combinations of settings can achieve the same mean pressure pulse but have very different stress distributions. E.g. changing the surface roughness will have a significant effect on the pressure variations, but the effect on the pressure profile shape is negligible. 

National Category
Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology
Research subject
Engineering Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-351873 (URN)
Note

QC 20240827

Available from: 2024-08-19 Created: 2024-08-19 Last updated: 2024-08-30Bibliographically approved
5. Separating the effects of maximum pressure and printing nip length on flexographic print quality
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Separating the effects of maximum pressure and printing nip length on flexographic print quality
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

When adjusting the impression in a printing press both the maximum pressure induced and the contact length between the print form and the substrate are simultaneously altered. In the present study, lab printing was performed with controlled load cases. The load cases vary depending on the nip length or the maximum pressure. 

A lab-scale printing press was augmented with a pressure sensor that measures the width of the print over a square area. By altering the print forms and the force settings in the machine, the curve of the print nip pressure was controlled. Printing was performed in both full-tone and half-tone, and the printed result was evaluated for mottle, density, and dot-gain. 

By increasing the maximum pressure, the color density increases. By increasing the nip length at a fixed maximum pressure, the color density decreases. The variation within the settings in the present study is small and appears to originate from the split pattern. The change in the nip exit angle with increased nip length is sufficient to alter the ink split point and, thereby, the density. A higher maximum pressure can instead enable a higher ink transfer.

Keywords
flexography, paperboars, ink interaction, flexografi, kartong, bläckinteraktion
National Category
Paper, Pulp and Fiber Technology Applied Mechanics
Research subject
Engineering Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-351872 (URN)
Note

QC 20240827

Available from: 2024-08-19 Created: 2024-08-19 Last updated: 2024-08-30Bibliographically approved

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