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Methods for engineering and characterization of advanced therapeutics
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Protein Science, Protein Technology. (Rockberg Group)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7679-2145
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Protein therapeutics are used worldwide to treat a multitude of diseases. Most therapeutic proteins on the market today are antibodies, and one of the characteristics that has made antibodies so useful for therapeutic use is their propensity to specifically and selectively bind other proteins with high affinity. While antibodies themselves can be very effective for treatment of different diseases, the field has also started to progress towards more advanced formats and entities. Monoclonal antibodies are generally monospecific. In many cases, however, binding to two or more therapeutically relevant proteins simultaneously can be beneficial. To overcome this limitation, different bispecific antibody formats have been engineered. The AffiMab, for example, is a bispecific antibody format, where a monoclonal antibody is fused to a much smaller affinity protein called an affibody molecule, allowing two independent affinity proteins to be combined in a modular fashion. To achieve this, the individual affinity proteins first needs to be developed, and this can be achieved using protein engineering methods, such as phage display. While phage display enables selection of affinity proteins binding new target proteins, simply binding may not be enough, and methods for discovering more diverse affinity proteins and characterizing their binding are therefore essential.

Bispecific antibodies constitute only one example where advanced therapeutic entities have emerged. Another example of advanced therapeutics are gene therapies, where adeno-associated viruses (AAV) have transpired as one of the most successful platforms. AAV-based gene therapy has, in several recent approvals, proved its ability to be used to cure inherited genetic disorders, such as spinal muscle atrophy and haemophilia, with a single treatment. The lack of precise targeting of AAV vectors, however, has prompted researchers to develop engineered AAVs with improved targeting. While these engineered variants are yet to reach the clinic, they hold promise of gene therapies with less side-effects and higher effective doses in the desired tissues. Compared to protein therapeutics, AAVs add new dimensions to characterization of quality of the produced therapeutic. As AAVs are a combination of proteins and DNA, both these components need to be verified, and as such, methods used for characterization of proteins only cover a part of it. Analysis and characterization of the DNA inside the AAV capsids is crucial, both for drug discovery, to ensure the correct gene is being delivered, and for understanding the observed effects of treatment. Standardized methods for sequencing and analysis of recombinant AAV genomes are yet to be established but this, combined with novel AAV variants, could help leverage a new generation of AAV-based therapies. 

All of these topics are explored in this thesis. In Study I, AffiMabs were developed for treatment of HER2 resistant gastric carcinoma, with improved cytotoxic effect observed in vitro compared to the parental proteins trastuzumab and ZEGFR. In Study II, a method for rapid, residue level, eptiope mapping was developed, and the eptiopes of three new antibodies targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein were determined. In Study III, phage display was combined with deep sequencing to enable discovery of affibody molecules with different binding kinetics and epitopes. In Study IV, affibody molecules were fused to AAV capsids to achieve receptor specific targeting. The capsids were shown to be both functional, superior to the parental serotype for receptor-specific transduction, and modular, as different affibody molecules could be incorporated. Finally, in Study V, a method for deep sequencing and analysis of AAV genomes was established, allowing identification of a wide array of different DNA encapsidated in AAVs.

In summary, the studies presented in this thesis explores a broad selection of new and improved methods for both engineering and characterization of advanced therapeutics. 

Abstract [sv]

Världen över används proteinläkemedel för att behandla en stor mängd olika sjukdomar. De flesta läkemedelsprotein på marknaden idag är antikroppar, och en av anledningarna som har gjort antikroppar så användbara som läkemedel är deras benägenhet att binda specifikt och selektivt till andra protein med hög affinitet. Även om antikroppar i sig kan vara väldigt effektiva för att behandla diverse sjukdomar så har fältet börjat utveckla mer avancerade format och varianter. Monoklonala antikroppar är generellt sett monospecifika. I många fall är det dock fördelaktigt med bindning till två eller flera terapeutiskt relevanta protein samtidigt. För att komma runt det har bispecifika antikroppsformat utvecklats. AffiMabs är ett exempel på ett bispecifikt antikroppsformat, där en monoklonal antikropp sätts samman med ett mycket mindre affinetsprotein som heter affibody. Detta ger möjligheten att fritt och modulärt kombinera två fristående affinitetsprotein. För att uppnå detta måste först de individuella affinitetsproteinen utvecklas och för det kan proteinutvecklingsmetoder, såsom fagdisplay, användas. Även om fagdisplay möjliggör selektion av affinitetsprotein mot nya målprotein så är det inte alltid tillräckligt med bara bindning. Detta gör det nödvändigt att utveckla nya metoder för att hitta och karakterisera mer diversa bindare.

Bispecifika antikroppar utgör bara ett exempel av de avancerade läkemedelstyper som har dykt upp. Ett annat exempel på avancerade läkemedel är genterapi med adeno-associerade virus (AAV) i spetsen som en av de mest framgångsrika plattformarna. Med flera nyligen godkända läkemedel har AAV-baserad genterapi bevisat sin förmåga att användas för att bota ärvda genetiska sjukdomar, såsom spinal muskelatrofi  och hemofili, med en enda behandling. AAVers brist på målriktning har föranlett forskning för att utveckla nya typer av AAV med förbättrad målriktning. Dessa varianter har inte nått vården än men har möjligheten att ge genterapier med mindre bieffekter och högre effektiv dos i den önskade vävnaden. AAVer ställer även nya krav på kvalitetsgranskning av läkemedelsprodukten jämfört med proteinläkemedel. Då AAVer består av både protein och DNA måste både dessa delar verifieras och följaktligen täcker metoder för proteinläkemedel bara ena delen. Analys och karakterisering av det DNA som finns inuti AAV-kapsiderna är viktigt, både för läkemedelsutveckling för att försäkra sig om att rätt gen levereras, och för förståelse av de effekter behandlingen ger. Det finns idag inga standardiserade metoder för sekvensering och analys av genomen i rekombinanta AAVer men det, tillsammans med nya AAV-varianter, har möjligheten att utgöra grunden för en ny generation av AAV-baserade terapier.

Alla dessa områden utforskas i den här avhandlingen. I Studie I utvecklades nya AffiMabs för behandling av HER2-resistant magsäckscancer, där förbättrad cytotoxisk effekt observerades in vitro jämfört med ursprungsproteinerna trastuzumab och ZEGFR. I Studie II utvecklades en metod for snabb epitopmappning på aminosyrenivå och epitoperna för tre nya antikroppar mot SARS-CoV-2 spike-proteinet bestämdes. I Studie III kombinerades fagdisplay med djupsekvensering för att möjliggöra upptäckt av affibodymolekyler med olika bindningskinetik och epitoper. I Studie IV sattes affibodymolekyler på AAV-kapsider för att uppnå receptor-specifik målriktning. Dessa kapsider visade sig både funktionella, ha bättre receptor-målriktning än ursprungs serotypen, och vara modulära, då flera olika affibodymolekyler kunde användas. Slutligen, i Studie V, utvecklades en metod för djupsekvensering och analys av DNA packat i AAV-kapsider vilket möjliggjorde identifiering av ett brett spann av olika DNA-typer som packats i AAVer.

Sammanfattningsvis utforskar studierena i den här avhandlingen ett brett urval av nya och förbättrade metoder för både utveckling och karakterisering av avancerade läkemedel.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. , p. 99
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2024:35
National Category
Medical Biotechnology (with a focus on Cell Biology (including Stem Cell Biology), Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry or Biopharmacy)
Research subject
Biotechnology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-352670ISBN: 978-91-8106-032-4 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-352670DiVA, id: diva2:1895213
Public defence
2024-09-27, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 26, via Zoom: https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_r88GglqEQ_u9rC4LPxwFAQ, Stockholm, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 2024-09-05

Available from: 2024-09-05 Created: 2024-09-05 Last updated: 2025-12-03Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Bispecific Antibody Molecule Inhibits Tumor Cell Proliferation More Efficiently Than the Two-Molecule Combination
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Bispecific Antibody Molecule Inhibits Tumor Cell Proliferation More Efficiently Than the Two-Molecule Combination
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2021 (English)In: Drugs in R&D, ISSN 1174-5886, E-ISSN 1179-6901, Vol. 21, no 2, p. 157-168Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have proved to be a valuable tool for the treatment of different cancer types. However, clinical use of an increasing number of mAbs, have also highlighted limitations with monotherapy for cancers, in particular for such with more complex mechanisms, requiring action on additional molecules or pathways, or for cancers quickly acquiring resistance following monotherapy. An example for the latter is the mAb trastuzumab, FDA approved for treatment of metastatic gastric carcinoma. To circumvent this, researchers have reported synergistic, anti-proliferative effects by combination targeting of HER2 and EGFR by trastuzumab and the EGFR-targeting mAb Cetuximab overcoming trastuzumab resistance. Methods: Maintaining the proven functionality of trastuzumab, we have designed bi-specific antibody molecules, called AffiMabs, by fusing an EGFR-targeting Affibody molecule to trastuzumab’s heavy or light chains. Having confirmed binding to EGFR and Her2 and cytotoxicity of our AffiMabs, we analyzed apoptosis rate, receptor surface levels, phosphorylation levels of receptors and associated signaling pathways as well as differentially expressed genes on transcriptome level with the aim to elucidate the mode of action of our AffiMabs. Results: The AffiMabs are able to simultaneously bind HER2 and EGFR and show increased cytotoxic effect compared to the original trastuzumab therapeutic molecule and, more importantly, even to the combination of trastuzumab and EGFR-targeting Affibody molecule. Analyzing the mode of action, we could show that bi-specific AffiMabs lead to reduced surface receptor levels and a downregulation of cell cycle associated genes on transcriptome level. Conclusion: Our study shows that transcriptome analysis can be used to validate the choice of receptor targets and guide the design of novel multi-specific molecules. The inherent modularity of the AffiMab format renders it readily applicable to other receptor targets. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Adis, 2021
Keywords
adalimumab, bispecific antibody, cetuximab, epidermal growth factor receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor 2, epidermal growth factor receptor 3, messenger RNA, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase, trastuzumab, monoclonal antibody, A-431 cell line, antiproliferative activity, apoptosis rate, Article, cancer inhibition, cancer resistance, carboxy terminal sequence, cell proliferation, cell proliferation assay, comparative study, controlled study, cytotoxicity, female, flow cytometry, human, human cell, NCI-N87 cell line, protein binding, protein phosphorylation, signal transduction, SK-OV-3 cell line, surface plasmon resonance, surface property, tumor cell, neoplasm, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized, Humans, Neoplasms
National Category
Cancer and Oncology Biochemistry Molecular Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-307213 (URN)10.1007/s40268-021-00339-2 (DOI)000629089300001 ()33721246 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85102800956 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20220118

Available from: 2022-01-18 Created: 2022-01-18 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
2. Mammalian cell display with automated oligo design and library assembly allows for rapid residue level conformational epitope mapping
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Mammalian cell display with automated oligo design and library assembly allows for rapid residue level conformational epitope mapping
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2024 (English)In: Communications Biology, E-ISSN 2399-3642, Vol. 7, no 1, article id 805Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Precise epitope determination of therapeutic antibodies is of great value as it allows for further comprehension of mechanism of action, therapeutic responsiveness prediction, avoidance of unwanted cross reactivity, and vaccine design. The golden standard for discontinuous epitope determination is the laborious X-ray crystallography method. Here, we present a combinatorial method for rapid mapping of discontinuous epitopes by mammalian antigen display, eliminating the need for protein expression and purification. The method is facilitated by automated workflows and tailored software for antigen analysis and oligonucleotide design. These oligos are used in automated mutagenesis to generate an antigen receptor library displayed on mammalian cells for direct binding analysis by flow cytometry. Through automated analysis of 33930 primers an optimized single condition cloning reaction was defined allowing for mutation of all surface-exposed residues of the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2. All variants were functionally expressed, and two reference binders validated the method. Furthermore, epitopes of three novel therapeutic antibodies were successfully determined followed by evaluation of binding also towards SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2. We find the method to be highly relevant for rapid construction of antigen libraries and determination of antibody epitopes, especially for the development of therapeutic interventions against novel pathogens.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2024
National Category
Biochemistry Molecular Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-350701 (URN)10.1038/s42003-024-06508-8 (DOI)001262592300006 ()38961245 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85197485847 (Scopus ID)
Note

QC 20240719

Available from: 2024-07-17 Created: 2024-07-17 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
3. Survival of the less fit - directed evolution via deep sequencing enables selection of diverse high affinity proteins
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Survival of the less fit - directed evolution via deep sequencing enables selection of diverse high affinity proteins
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Biochemistry Molecular Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-352598 (URN)
Note

QC 20240906

Available from: 2024-09-04 Created: 2024-09-04 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
4. A modular binding domain AAV platform for cell surface receptor-selective DNA delivery
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A modular binding domain AAV platform for cell surface receptor-selective DNA delivery
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Biochemistry Molecular Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-352599 (URN)
Note

QC 20240906

Available from: 2024-09-04 Created: 2024-09-04 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
5. Amplification and Fragmentation Free Long-read Sequencing Enables Rapid Analysis of Packaged Adeno-associated Virus ssDNA
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Amplification and Fragmentation Free Long-read Sequencing Enables Rapid Analysis of Packaged Adeno-associated Virus ssDNA
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Biochemistry Molecular Biology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-352597 (URN)
Note

QC 20240906

Available from: 2024-09-04 Created: 2024-09-04 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved

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