We propose a fast microscopic polarimeter for complete Mueller matrix imaging by using two rotating retarders and one polarization camera. Our new design allows us to compute the full Mueller matrix by 6 measurements in only ∼1.4s. The acquisition time is reduced by optimizing the sampling process. At the same time, the measurement precision is enhanced by minimizing the conditional numbers of the measurement matrices, compensating the pixel displacement, and calibrating the orientation of each polarization component in the system. As a demonstration, we use our fast polarimetry microscopy to measure the complete Mueller matrix for a garnet sample and cholesteric liquid crystal samples.