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Effect of Electrolyte Composition on Biphasic Structural Electrolytes for Laminated Structural Batteries
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7681-7912
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Fibre- and Polymer Technology, Fiberprocesser.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5661-0874
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9744-4550
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering, Applied Electrochemistry.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9203-9313
2024 (English)In: ACS Applied Energy Materials, E-ISSN 2574-0962, Vol. 7, no 19, p. 8838-8850Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Bicontinuous solid-liquid electrolytes can combine high ionic conduction with high mechanical performance and provide an opportunity to realize laminated structural batteries. Polymerization-induced phase separation is a facile one pot reaction to make these electrolytes. It is a versatile method but requires control over the complex interaction of various parameters to tune the morphologies and properties of biphasic electrolytes as it is highly system dependent. This study examines the effects of thiol-ene chemistry and parameters such as porogen type and content, thiol content, and salt concentration in the liquid electrolyte, linking these factors to their curing behavior, morphology, and multifunctional properties. We present a toolbox showing how different morphologies and properties can be reached by changing these parameters. The porogen type and a 10% increase in the porogen content affected ionic conductivity by an order of magnitude. Thiol-ene chemistry accelerates the curing process but reduces mechanical properties while slightly increasing the ionic conductivities for small amounts of thiol. The best negative structural electrode, containing carbon fibers as negative electrode, showed increased rate capability compared to previous work and a discharge capacity of 219 mA h g-1 at a current density of 18 mA g-1 (∼0.08C). The results also indicate the potential of applying the concept of highly concentrated electrolytes in structural electrodes to improve safety and capacity retention while maintaining high specific capacities and good rate capability. Interestingly, the increased ionic conductivity of the electrolyte does not always imply an improved electrochemical performance of the structural electrode. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Chemical Society (ACS) , 2024. Vol. 7, no 19, p. 8838-8850
Keywords [en]
structural batteries, structural electrolytes, polymerization-induced phase separation, thiol–ene chemistry, highly concentrated electrolytes, biphasic electrolytes, bicontinuous electrolytes
National Category
Materials Engineering Polymer Chemistry Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-356232DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.4c01810ISI: 001313798000001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85204055774OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-356232DiVA, id: diva2:1912463
Funder
Swedish Research Council FormasSwedish Research Council, 2021-05276Swedish Energy Agency, 48488Swedish Energy Agency, 50508-1VinnovaSwedish National Space Board, 2020-00256
Note

QC 20241112

Available from: 2024-11-12 Created: 2024-11-12 Last updated: 2024-11-12Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Bicontinuous Polymer-Liquid Electrolytes: Advancing Laminated Structural Batteries for Balanced Performance
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Bicontinuous Polymer-Liquid Electrolytes: Advancing Laminated Structural Batteries for Balanced Performance
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The transport sector significantly contributes to greenhouse gas emissions, driving the shift toward electric vehicles. However, the range of electric vehicles is limited due to the need for heavy battery packs. One approach to reduce this mass is through multifunctional materials, such as laminated structural batteries (SBs), which combine structural integrity with energy storage. Laminated SBs consist of carbon fibers embedded in a multifunctional polymer matrix, known as a structural electrolyte. Here, carbon fibers provide structural support, act as electrodes, and serve as current collectors, while the structural electrolyte enables ion conduction and mechanical load transfer. This thesis explores how varying structural electrolyte compositions and processing conditions influence the multifunctional properties, with a focus on their integration into laminated SBs. The research demonstrates the effectiveness of thermally-initiated polymerization-induced phase separation, producing full-cell laminated SBs with bicontinuous polymer-liquid electrolytes (i.e. structural electrolytes). These electrolytes feature diverse morphologies that impact ionic conductivity and storage modulus, presenting safer and more environmentally compatible formulations with adequate structural electrode performance. Long-term studies reveal an effect of structural electrolyte formulation on the structural electrode performance and how fiber-matrix adhesion is affected under repeated charging/discharging. Finally, a state-of-the-art, SB is presented with fibers in both electrodes, achieving an excellent balance of energy density and mechanical performance. This work lays a foundation for future advancements in SB technology, identifying challenges and opportunities to enhance multifunctional properties. 

Abstract [sv]

Transportsektorn bidrar i hög grad till utsläppen av växthusgaser, vilket driver på övergången till elfordon. Räckvidden för elfordon är dock begränsad på grund av behovet av tunga batteripaket. Ett sätt att minska denna massa är att använda multifunktionella material, t.ex. laminerade strukturella batterier (SB), som kombinerar strukturell integritet med energilagring. Laminerade SB består av kolfibrer som är inbäddade i en multifunktionell polymermatris, en så kallad strukturell elektrolyt. Här ger kolfibrerna strukturellt stöd, fungerar som elektroder och strömavtagare, medan den strukturella elektrolyten möjliggör jonledning och mekanisk lastöverföring. Denna avhandling undersöker hur varierande strukturella elektrolytsammansättningar och bearbetningsförhållanden påverkar de multifunktionella egenskaperna, med fokus på deras integration i laminerade SB. Forskningen visar effektiviteten hos termiskt initierad polymerisationsinducerad fasseparation, vilket producerar fullcellslaminerade SB med bikontinuerliga polymer-vätskeelektrolyter (strukturella elektrolyter). Dessa elektrolyter har olika morfologier som påverkar jonledningsförmågan och styvheten, vilket ger säkrare och mer miljöanpassade formuleringar med adekvat strukturell elektrodprestanda. Långtidsstudier visar att formuleringen av den strukturella elektrolyten påverkar den strukturella elektrodens prestanda och hur vidhäftningen mellan fiber och matris påverkas vid upprepad laddning/urladdning. Slutligen presenteras ett strukturellt batteri baserat på kolfiber i båda elektorderna som uppvisar en utmärktbalans mellan energitäthet och mekanisk prestanda. Detta arbete lägger grunden för framtida framsteg inom SB-tekniken och identifierar utmaningar ochmöjligheter för att förbättra multifunktionella egenskaper. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. p. 88
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2024:57
Keywords
Lithium-ion, structural batteries, bicontinuous electrolytes, structural electrodes, highly concentrated electrolytes, carbon fibers, polymerization-induced phase separation, Litiumjonbatteri, strukturella batterier, bikontinuerlig elektrolyter, högkoncentrerade elektrolyter, struktureller elektroder, kolfibrer, polymerisationsinducerad fasseparation
National Category
Composite Science and Engineering Materials Engineering Polymer Chemistry Energy Engineering Materials Chemistry
Research subject
Fibre and Polymer Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-356240 (URN)978-91-8106-132-1 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-12-10, F3, Lindstedtsvägen 28, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/61737431674, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

QC 20241113

Available from: 2024-11-13 Created: 2024-11-12 Last updated: 2025-11-18Bibliographically approved

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Schneider, Lynn MariaRiazanova, AnastasiaZenkert, DanLindbergh, Göran

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