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An experimental study on three-port measurements for acoustic characterisation of the perforate reactance
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2194-082x
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8474-8563
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4103-0129
2025 (English)In: Journal of Sound and Vibration, ISSN 0022-460X, E-ISSN 1095-8568, Vol. 596, article id 118776Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The usage of perforated plates in passive noise-control systems in e.g. aircraft liners and mufflers involves the standard operating conditions of grazing flow and high-amplitude acoustic incidence. This study focuses on the usage of the three-port experiment technique for the experimental passive acoustic characterisation of a perforated plate. Expanding on the previous paper about the resistance of the perforate, the influence of operating conditions on the imaginary part of the transfer impedance, i.e., the reactance is discussed here. The relationship between the end correction in the linear range, without the presence of grazing flow, and the frequency of acoustic excitation is demonstrated. The reduction in the value of the mass end correction under the individual effects of grazing flow, and high-amplitude excitation is presented. Additionally, depending on the excitation wavelength, the partial recovery of the reduced value of the end correction under simultaneous exposure is also shown. Using the experimental results, models for the end correction, and by extension the reactance are proposed. These models take into account the geometrical parameters of the perforate, and the dimensionless Mach, Shear and Strouhal numbers.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Academic Press , 2025. Vol. 596, article id 118776
Keywords [en]
Grazing flow, Non-linear effects, Perforate, Reactance, Three-port technique
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-356302DOI: 10.1016/j.jsv.2024.118776ISI: 001350200700001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85207885360OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-356302DiVA, id: diva2:1912886
Note

QC 20241119

Available from: 2024-11-13 Created: 2024-11-13 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Experimental Acoustic Characterisation of Perforates: Application of multi-port techniques
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Experimental Acoustic Characterisation of Perforates: Application of multi-port techniques
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Perforated plates are widely used in noise reduction systems with applications ranging from mufflers and aircraft liners, to burners. A shift from propeller to jet engines has accelerated the usage of aircraft liners over the past decades. To optimally design the liner, the acoustic characterisation of perforated plates under standard operating conditions has garnered a lot of interest in the scientific community.

This thesis aims to contribute to the research by providing novel multi-port techniques and experimental results of the acoustic behaviour of a perforated plate. These multi-port techniques allow for the acoustic characterisation of perforates in the presence of grazing flow, bias flow, andhigh-amplitude acoustic incidence. The transfer impedance of the perforate is determined underplane wave acoustic incidence from different directions with respect to the air flow. The multi-port techniques used here, namely the three-port and the four-port technique, are direct methods of impedance determination, i.e., the transfer impedance is calculated by measuring the acoustic far-field in the ducts. Correlation between the transfer impedance and the coefficients of the multi-port scattering matrix is explored to minimise the experimental errors due to strong termination reflections. Based on the results the behavioural dependence of the transfer impedance on the operating conditions is studied. To study the individual, as well as the combined effects of the operating conditions, dimensionless numbers such as Strouhal-, Shear-, and Mach number are used to normalise the transfer impedance. A comparison of the results against previously proposed models,and their respective hypotheses is also shown. Lastly, using global sensitivity analysis, the relative contribution of the uncertainty in determining each operating condition, on the overall uncertainty of the experimentally determined transfer impedance is presented.

One of the major findings of the thesis suggests a flow speed based Strouhal number defining theresistive as well as the inertial behaviour of the perforate. Moreover, a particle velocity based Strouhal number governs the transfer impedance in the transition state from linear to highly non-linear regimes. However, based on the comparison between perforated plates of differing geometries, observations suggest that the Strouhal number determined with respect to thickness of the plate, rather than the perforation diameter shows a better agreement in the characterisation. The error analysis shows the transfer impedance to be more sensitive to errors in the determination of the acoustic field parameters, than the flow field parameters.

Lastly, upon a simultaneous exposure, the results suggest a non-linear coupling between the individual effects of the operating conditions, where the transfer impedance is characterised with respect to the dimensionless numbers, and an additional dependence on the incident wavelength of the acoustic waves is observed.

Abstract [sv]

Perforerade plåtar används ofta i ljuddämpningssystem för applikationer som förbränningsmotorer, flygplansmotorer och brännkammare. Utvecklingen inom flygområdet från propeller- till jetmotorer och turbofläktmotorer har accelererat användningen av s.k. liners i flygplan under de senaste åren. För att optimera designen av liners har den akustiska karakteriseringen av perforerade plattor under realistiska användningsförhållanden rönt stort intresse inom forskningen.

Denna avhandling bidrar till forskningen genom att presentera nya multiport-tekniker och experimentella resultat för akustiska egenskaper hos perforerade plattor. De nyutvecklade multiportteknikerna ger möjlighet till passiv akustisk karakterisering av perforerade plattor sompåverkas av strömning, och akustiskt infall med höga amplituder. Transferimpedansen hos den perforerade plåten beräknas under infall av akustiska planvågor från olika riktningar i förhållandetill strömningskriktningen. De multiporttekniker som används här, dvs. tre-port- och fyr-port tekniker, är s.k. direkta metoder för impedansberäkning, dvs. transferimpedansen är beräknadgenom mätning av det akustiska fjärrfältet i kanalerna. Korrelationen mellan transferimpedansen och koefficienterna i spridningsmatrisen används för att minimera de experimentella felen somuppstår på grund av reflexer i kanalsystemet.

Baserat på resultaten studeras hur transferimpedansens påverkas av strömning och höga ljudnivåer.För undersökning av de individuella och kombinerade effekterna av strömning och excitation medhöga ljudnivåer har dimensionslösa tal som Strouhal-, Skjuv- och Mach-tal använts som parameterför att karakterisera trasnferimpedansen. En jämförelse av resultaten med tidigare utvecklademodeller och de hypoteser de baseras på presenteras också. Avslutningsvis, analyseras det relativabidrag som felet i mätningen av olika indata ger till det totala felet i den experimentellt beräknade transferimpedansen. Detta görs med användning av s.k. global känslighetsanalys.

En viktig del av resultatet i avhandlingen är att ett strömningsbaserat Strouhal-tal definierar deperforerade plattornas resistiva och reaktiva beteenden. Dessutom styr ett partikelhastighets baserat Strouhal-tal transferimpedansen i övergångsområdet från linjära till olinjära regimer. Baserat på jämförelsen mellan perforerade plattor med olika geometrier indikerar observationer att Strouhaltalet som bestäms med användning av plattans tjocklek, snarare än perforeringsdiametern, ger enbättre överensstämmelse i karakteriseringen. Felanalysen visar att transferimpedansen är mer känsligför fel i bestämningen av de akustiska parametrarna i jämförelse med strömnings-parametrarna.

Avslutningsvis, vid en samtidig exponering av t.ex. strykande strömning och strömning genom den perforerade plattan, visar resultaten på en icke-linjär koppling mellan de individuella effekterna ochett ytterligare beroende av frekvensen kan observeras.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2024. p. 95
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2024:59
Keywords
Duct acoustics, Acoustical multi-port, Perforated plates, Transfer impedance, Scattering matrix, Grazing flow, Non-linear effects, error analysis, Kanalakustik, akustisk muti-port, perforerad platta, trasnferimpedans, spridningsmatris, icke-lineära effekter, strykande strömning, felanalys
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Research subject
Vehicle and Maritime Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-357028 (URN)978-91-8106-154-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-12-20, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/64185873928, Sal Kolllegiesalen Brinellvägen 6 & 8, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020, 813367
Note

QC 241202

Available from: 2024-12-02 Created: 2024-12-02 Last updated: 2026-01-13Bibliographically approved

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Shah, ShailBodén, HansBoij, Susann

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