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Real-world aging and deactivation of catalytic diesel particulate filters in heavy-duty vehicles
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering, Process Technology. Scania CV AB, Granparksvagen 10, S-15148 Södertälje, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0009-0006-3766-3686
Scania CV AB, Granparksvagen 10, S-15148 Södertälje, Sweden.
Scania CV AB, Granparksvagen 10, S-15148 Södertälje, Sweden.
Scania CV AB, Granparksvagen 10, S-15148 Södertälje, Sweden.
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2024 (English)In: Applied catalysis. O, Open, ISSN 2950-6484, Vol. 197, article id 207016Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Low-temperature soot oxidation in catalytic diesel particulate filters (DPF) is important for maintaining high efficiency of heavy-duty vehicles. This can be achieved by coating DPFs with an oxidation catalyst. In this work, catalytic DPFs have been collected from real-world operating heavy-duty vehicles for assessment of their catalytic activity and subsequent characterization. Testing of catalytic activity revealed the diminishing nitric oxide (NO) oxidation of the aged catalysts. The apparent reaction rates showed that the number of available catalytic sites decreased with mileage explaining the loss in activity. Characterization of the samples showed a decreasing surface area as well as an accumulation of metals and poisonous elements. An important finding from SEM-EDS analysis is the evident accumulation of phosphorus and sulfur in the washcoat in the absence of other ash-related elements, potentially explaining the decreased activity.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2024. Vol. 197, article id 207016
Keywords [en]
Catalytic diesel particulate filter, Catalyst deactivation, Passive regeneration, Heavy-duty vehicles
National Category
Chemical Engineering Other Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-357261DOI: 10.1016/j.apcato.2024.207016ISI: 001360237700001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105036294103OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-357261DiVA, id: diva2:1919362
Note

QC 20260429

Available from: 2024-12-09 Created: 2024-12-09 Last updated: 2026-04-29Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Longevity of Diesel Particulate Filters in Heavy-Duty Vehicles
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Longevity of Diesel Particulate Filters in Heavy-Duty Vehicles
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The diesel particulate filter (DPF) is a critical component for the abatement of the harmful pollutant particulate matter (PM) from diesel engines. Accumulation of PM in DPFs increases flow restrictions, resulting in elevated backpressure for the exhaust gases. To mitigate the increase in backpressure, a regeneration process is applied, by which the soot is removed by oxidation. To enhance the regeneration process the DPF can be coated with a catalyst. The ash originating from the engine oil, remains in the DPF and will eventually determine its lifespan. PM composition is not static, catalysts age, and ash varies in properties and distributions, all affecting the performance of DPFs. This thesis investigates the different aspects concerning DPF performance and durability. Soot oxidation, catalyst deactivation, low-temperature regeneration, and ash accumulation have been investigated and discussed regarding its role for the continuous and prolonged use of DPFs. To capture practical relevance, field-retrieved DPFs have been studied and compared to fresh and non-catalyzed DPFs, whereby the experiments have been conducted at different scales, in both laboratory and real engine environments. Soot from different sources was shown to have a low variation in reactivity and was therefore not considered to be a critical parameter for DPF functionality. Instead, DPFs collected from the field revealed a significant decrease in NO conversion capability as a result of catalyst poisoning. The lower NO conversion created unfavorable conditions for the low-temperature regeneration. Well-controlled regeneration was shown to be important for the control of the ash distribution pattern. However, the results showed that ash packing density had a stronger influence on the backpressure than the distribution pattern. The research provides a deeper understanding concerning the aging and performance of DPFs, which can enable extended use, reuse, and remanufacturing of DPFs.

Abstract [sv]

För minskning av skadliga partikelutsläpp, PM (från engelskans particulate matter), från dieselmotorer används dieselpartikelfilter (DPF) som är en del av avgasefterbehandlingssystemet. Ackumulering av PM i partikelfilter ökar flödesrestriktionerna vilket resulterar i ett ökat mottryck för avgaserna. För att hämma uppbyggnaden av mottrycket genomförs en regenerering där sot avlägsnas genom oxidation. Regenereringen kan effektiviseras genom att DPF-substratet beläggs med en katalysator. Askan, som bildas från tillsatser i motoroljan, förblir i partikelfiltret efter regenereringen och kommer slutligen avgöra dess livslängd. Variation i PM-sammansättning, askans egenskaper och fördelning, och katalysatoråldring har påverkan på DPF-prestandan. Denna avhandling undersöker de olika aspekterna av prestanda och livslängd för partikelfilter. Sotoxidation, katalysatordeaktivering, lågtemperatur-regenerering, och askackumulering har studerats och diskuteras med avseende på dess roll för kontinuerligt och långvarigt användande av partikelfilter. För ökad praktisk relevans har prover från verklig drift undersökts och jämförts med färska och icke-katalyserade prover, varpå experiment har genomförts i flera olika skalor, i både laboratorie- och riktiga avgasmiljöer. Sot från olika källor visade sig ha en liten variation i reaktivitet och ansågs inte vara en kritisk parameter för funktionaliteteten hos partikelfilter. Däremot påvisade partikelfilter från verklig drift en tydlig minskning av förmågan att oxidera NO som ett resultat av katalysatorförgiftning. Den lägre omsättningen av NO skapade ogynnsamma förhållanden för lågtemperatur-regenerering. Välkontrollerad regenerering var viktigt för att styra inlagringsmönstret av aska; däremot visade resultaten att askans packningsdensitet hade en större betydelse för tryckfallet i jämförelse med inlagringsmönstret. Forskningens nytta finns i den ökade förståelsen av åldrandet av partikelfilter vilket är en förutsättning för ökad livslängd och även återanvändande och återtillverkning.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. p. 81
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2026:7
Keywords
Diesel particulate filters, Catalyst, Soot oxidation, Particulate matter, Diesel emissions, Dieselpartikelfilter, Katalysator, Sotoxidation, Partiklar, Dieselemissioner
National Category
Chemical Engineering
Research subject
Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-376472 (URN)978-91-8106-531-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-03-10, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/67570329235, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency
Note

QC 20260211

Available from: 2026-02-11 Created: 2026-02-10 Last updated: 2026-02-16Bibliographically approved

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