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A strain gradient plasticity model to investigate diffusion and dynamic segregation of hydrogen
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Material and Structural Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0009-0008-1770-764X
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Material and Structural Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9509-2811
2025 (English)In: European journal of mechanics. A, Solids, ISSN 0997-7538, E-ISSN 1873-7285, Vol. 111, article id 105527Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This paper presents a finite element implementation of strain gradient plasticity (SGP) and coupled hydrogen diffusion. The model encompasses stress-assisted diffusion, solute swelling, and multiple trap sites. The primary achievement of this paper is that a new transport term, that is driven by plastic strain gradients, has been developed and implemented with the finite element method (FEM). The model is applied to the problem of biaxial loading of a solid, under plane strain conditions, featuring a circular hole to investigate the extended transport equation. The results show that the hydrogen concentration increases significantly compared to conventional stress-assisted diffusion. In addition, the localization of hydrogen occurs in regions where there is a restriction on the plastic strain state, such as is often the case around microstructural sites. Together with other mechanisms at play during hydrogen embrittlement this preferential segregation could be used to explain the intergranular fracture mode often observed in experiments.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier BV , 2025. Vol. 111, article id 105527
Keywords [en]
Coupled fields, Diffusion, Hydrogen embrittlement, Plastic strain gradients
National Category
Metallurgy and Metallic Materials Applied Mechanics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-357920DOI: 10.1016/j.euromechsol.2024.105527ISI: 001388534200001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85211620429OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-357920DiVA, id: diva2:1922627
Note

QC 20250122

Available from: 2024-12-19 Created: 2024-12-19 Last updated: 2026-01-20Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Neutron Imaging and Constitutive Modeling of Hydrogen Embrittlement in Steels
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Neutron Imaging and Constitutive Modeling of Hydrogen Embrittlement in Steels
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This thesis concerns the phenomenon of coupled hydrogen diffusion and fracture in steels from both experimental and computational perspectives. Hydrogen embrittlement, where the ingress of hydrogen (H) reduces a steel’s load-carrying capacity, is a long-standing scientific challenge, first documented in the late 19th century. W.H. Johnson observed that exposing pure iron to an acidic solution led to premature fracture and that the metal regained its original strength and ductility after being removed from the solution for a period. Despite more than a century of research, the mechanistic understanding of hydrogen embrittlement remains limited, primarily because of the multiscale nature of hydrogen behavior and its complex interactions with metallic microstructures. Hydrogen diffuses through thecrystal lattice and interacts with grain boundaries, carbides, voids, cracks, and dislocations. Under external mechanical loading, hydrogen transport is further influenced by dilatational lattice distortions and by moving dislocations, adding additional complexity. As a result, Fick’s law often fails to describe hydrogen diffusion in these systems accurately, and experimental investigations on the submicrometer, micrometer, and engineering scales remain challenging. This thesis addresses these challenges by combining fracture mechanics experiments with neutron imaging to investigate crack propagation caused by hydrogen embrittlement. Additionally, it presents a detailed numerical framework for modeling hydrogen embrittlement at the continuum scale. The strong coupling between mechanical fields and solute concentration necessitates advanced numerical techniques to solve the governing partial differential equations reliably and efficiently

Abstract [sv]

Denna avhandling behandlar ämnet kopplad vätediffusion och brott i stål ur både ett experimentellt och beräkningsmässigt perspektiv. Väteförsprödning, ett fenomen där stål förlorar sin lastbärande kapacitet på grund av väteinträngning, är ett gammalt vetenskapligt ämne som går tillbaka till slutet av 1800-talet. W.H. Johnson studerade då effekten av att låta en sur lösning interagera med rent järn och observerade att materialet gick sönder i förtid. Han noterade också att metallen återfick sin ursprungliga hållfasthet och duktilitet efter att ha avlägsnats från miljön efter en viss tid. Trots mer än 100 års forskning är väteförsprödning fortfarande dåligt förstått ur en mekanistisk synvinkel, på grund av väteatomens multiskala beteende och dess komplexa interaktion med mikrostrukturen i metalliska material. Väte diffunderar genom kristallgittret och interagerar med korngränser, karbidpartiklar, porer, sprickor och dislokationer. Under mekanisk belastning kan väte transporteras av det hydrostatiska spänningsfältet på grund av gitter förvrängning samt av rörliga dislokationer, vilket ytterligare komplicerar analysen. På grund av denna komplexitet är det sällan korrekt att matematiskt beskriva vätediffusion enligt Ficks lag, och det är dessutom mycket svårt att experimentellt undersöka vätets interaktioner med metaller på submikrometer, mikrometer och ingenjörsmässiga längdskalor. Denna avhandling behandlar experimentella studier där brottmekanik kombineras med neutronavbildning för att undersöka spricktillväxt till följd av väteförsprödning. Den presenterar även detaljerade numeriska modeller av väteförsprödning på kontinuumnivå. På grund av vätets nedbrytande inverkan i metaller är det mekaniska lösningsfältet och vätekoncentrationen kopplade, vilket kräver avancerade numeriska lösningstekniker för att hantera de styrande partiella differentialekvationerna.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Kungliga tekniska högskolan, 2026. p. 57
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2025:76
Keywords
Hydrogen Embrittlement, Nonlinear Diffusion, Higher Order Continuum Theories, Neutron Imaging, Fracture Mechanics
National Category
Applied Mechanics Metallurgy and Metallic Materials
Research subject
Solid Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-375774 (URN)
Public defence
2026-02-19, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 8, Stockholm, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Research Council
Available from: 2026-01-21 Created: 2026-01-20 Last updated: 2026-02-10Bibliographically approved

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Lindblom, DavidDahlberg, Carl F. O.

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