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Local slip length and surfactant effects on liquid-infused surfaces
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0009-0000-3466-3978
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics.
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics.
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics.
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Robust surfaces capable of reducing flow drag, controlling heat and mass transfer,and resisting fouling in fluid flows are important for various applications. In thiscontext, textured surfaces impregnated with a liquid lubricant show promise dueto their ability to sustain a liquid-liquid layer that induces slippage. However,theoretical and numerical studies suggest that the slippage can be compromisedby surfactants in the overlying fluid, which contaminate the liquid-liquid interfaceand generate Marangoni stresses. In this study, we use Doppler-optical coherencetomography, an interferometric imaging technique, combined with numericalsimulations to investigate how surfactants influence the slip length of lubricant-infused surfaces with longitudinal grooves in a laminar flow. We introducesurfactants by adding tracer particles (milk) to the working fluid (water). Localmeasurements of slip length at the liquid-liquid interface are significantly smallerthan theoretical predictions for clean interfaces (Schönecker & Hardt 2013).In contrast, measurements are in good agreement with numerical simulationsof fully immobilized interfaces, indicating that milk particles adsorbed at theinterface are responsible for the reduction in slippage. This work provides thefirst experimental evidence that liquid-liquid interfaces within textured surfacescan become immobilized in the presence of surfactants and flow.

Keywords [en]
slil length, liquid-infused surface, surfactant, optical coherence tomography
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-358806OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-358806DiVA, id: diva2:1929827
Funder
Knut and Alice Wallenberg FoundationSwedish Foundation for Strategic Research
Note

QC 20250122

Available from: 2025-01-21 Created: 2025-01-21 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Experimental study of liquid-infused surfaces in turbulent and laminar flow regimes
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Experimental study of liquid-infused surfaces in turbulent and laminar flow regimes
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Experimentell studie av vätskeimpregnerade ytor i turbulenta och laminära flödesregimer
Abstract [en]

In natural and industrial fluid dynamics, wall-bounded turbulent flow over and along surfaces are the norm. Engineering surfaces to modulate these flows, for example with the purpose to reduce drag, can play a significant role in enhancing operations efficiency and performance. Liquid-infused surfaces (LISs) are a recent surface modification approach utilizing surface structures infused with a fluid immiscible with the overlying fluid. LISs are thereby lubricated, offering the potential of reducing drag and surface fouling. However, the practical implementation of LISs faces challenges due to lubricant drainage under high shear stresses and the detrimental effects of contaminants, such as surfactants, which compromise their performance. Numerical studies dominate the field, but there remains a pressing need for experimental insight and data to validate these findings and guide future research directions. This thesis addresses these challenges by using experimental techniques to investigate LISs performance in turbulent and laminar flow regimes.  

A major contributions of this thesis are the setup and validation of the experimental facility for turbulent flows over larger surfaces, named F-SHARC, and the adoption of Doppler-optical coherence tomography (D-OCT) for detail studies of the fluid motion. In this thesis, the F-SHARC facility has been used in a parametric study focusing on the lubricant retention.In turbulent regimes, the thesis demonstrates that contact-angle hysteresis, rather than chemical compatibility, can serve as a powerful retention mechanism, extending the lifespan of LISs under shear. A theoretical model predicting the maximum retention length of lubricant droplets, based on interfacial forces and flow dynamics, has been developed and validated. Fluorescence imaging and numerical simulations complement each other in the understanding of the physical mechanisms that regulate the droplets' formation and shape.

In the laminar regime, slip velocity measurements with D-OCT demonstrated the substantial impact of surfactants, which rigidify the liquid-liquid interface and drastically reduce the slip length. Experimental results suggest that even minor contamination can impair LISs performance by inducing Marangoni stresses. These add to the overlying fluid interfacial stress and effectively oppose the flow, therefore increasing the drag. A comprehensive study of slip length definitions further refines the understanding of interfacial dynamics, reconciling discrepancies between experimental and numerical approaches.  

This thesis highlights the potential of partially wetting LIS designs to overcome conventional limitations and contributes to advancements for scalable, durable applications in harsh environments. By combining insights from experimental studies with understanding from numerical studies and theory, this work contributes to the understanding of LIS dynamics, offering practical design principles for their broader implementation. These findings can be extended to multi-phase flows and to the exploration of bio-compatible, sustainable LIS materials for use in marine and biomedical applications. 

Abstract [sv]

Turbulenta flöden är svåra att undvika i både naturliga och industriella sammanhang. Artificiella ytor spelar en viktig roll när det gäller att manipulera dessa flöden för ökad effektivitet och prestanda inom en rad olika tillämpningar. Bland sådana ytor är impregnerade ytor (s.k. liquid-infused surfaces, LIS) en ny teknik som har potential för att minska fluidmotståndet och motverka påväxt på ytor. Den praktiska implementeringen av LIS står dock inför utmaningar på grund av att smörjmedlet dräneras under höga skjuvspänningar. Dessutom kan olika typer av partiklar i det strömmande mediet (t.ex. ytaktiva ämnen) försämra prestandan av LIS avsevärt. För tillfället, dominerar numeriska studier forskningsområdet, och det finns därför ett stort behov av experimentella studier för att validera dessa resultat och vägleda framtida forskningsriktningar. Denna avhandling tar itu med dessa utmaningar genom att undersöka hur impregnerade ytor presterar i  turbulenta och laminära flöden. 

De viktigaste bidragen inkluderar design och validering av den experimentella anläggningen för turbulenta flöden, kallad F-SHARC, med vilken studien av dränering av smörjmedel genomfördes. Vidare, har vi utvärderat glidhastigheten på LIS i en kontrollerad laminär kanal med hjälp av Doppler-optisk koherenstomografi (s.k. D-OCT). Vi visar att, i turbulenta miljöer, så är kontaktvinkelhysteres, snarare än kemisk kompatibilitet, en viktig mekanism för att motverka dränering och därmed förlänga livslängden för LIS som exponeras för strömning. En teoretisk modell som förutsäger den maximala längden av  smörjmedelsdroppar, har utvecklas och valideras. Fluorescensavbildning och numeriska simuleringar kompletterar varandra i förståelsen av de fysiska mekanismer som reglerar dropparnas bildning och form.

I den laminära regimen avslöjar våra mätningar av glidhastigheten den betydande inverkan av ytaktiva ämnen, som rigidifierar vätske-vätskegränssnittet och drastiskt minskar glidlängden. Experimentella resultat tyder på att även mindre partiklar kan försämra LIS-prestandan genom Marangoni-spänningar som motverkar flödet. En omfattande studie av glidlängdsdefinitioner förfinar ytterligare förståelsen av gränssnittsdynamik och förenar avvikelser mellan experimentella och numeriska tillvägagångssätt.  

Denna avhandling belyser potentialen hos delvis vätande LIS-konstruktioner för att övervinna konventionella begränsningar och bidrar till framsteg för skalbara, hållbara applikationer i tuffa miljöer. Genom att kombinera experimentella, numeriska och teoretiska metoder bidrar detta arbete till en förståelse av dynamiken hos impregnerade ytor.  Dessa resultat kan utvidgas till flerfasflöden och till utforskningen av biokompatibla, hållbara LIS-material för användning i marina och biomedicinska tillämpningar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 61
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2024:57
Keywords
liquid-infused surfaces, turbulent channel flow, duct flow, lubricant drainage, slip length, surfactants, Doppler-optical coherence tomography, vätskeimpregnerade ytor, turbulent kanalflöde, kanalflöde, smörjmedelsdränering, glidlängd, ytaktiva ämnen, Doppler-optisk koherensto- mografi
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Research subject
Engineering Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-358808 (URN)978-91-8106-135-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-02-14, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 6, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/63406036015, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic ResearchKnut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation
Note

QC 250122

Available from: 2025-01-22 Created: 2025-01-21 Last updated: 2025-12-16Bibliographically approved

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