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Experimental study of liquid-infused surfaces in turbulent and laminar flow regimes
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Engineering Mechanics.ORCID iD: 0009-0000-3466-3978
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Experimentell studie av vätskeimpregnerade ytor i turbulenta och laminära flödesregimer (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

In natural and industrial fluid dynamics, wall-bounded turbulent flow over and along surfaces are the norm. Engineering surfaces to modulate these flows, for example with the purpose to reduce drag, can play a significant role in enhancing operations efficiency and performance. Liquid-infused surfaces (LISs) are a recent surface modification approach utilizing surface structures infused with a fluid immiscible with the overlying fluid. LISs are thereby lubricated, offering the potential of reducing drag and surface fouling. However, the practical implementation of LISs faces challenges due to lubricant drainage under high shear stresses and the detrimental effects of contaminants, such as surfactants, which compromise their performance. Numerical studies dominate the field, but there remains a pressing need for experimental insight and data to validate these findings and guide future research directions. This thesis addresses these challenges by using experimental techniques to investigate LISs performance in turbulent and laminar flow regimes.  

A major contributions of this thesis are the setup and validation of the experimental facility for turbulent flows over larger surfaces, named F-SHARC, and the adoption of Doppler-optical coherence tomography (D-OCT) for detail studies of the fluid motion. In this thesis, the F-SHARC facility has been used in a parametric study focusing on the lubricant retention.In turbulent regimes, the thesis demonstrates that contact-angle hysteresis, rather than chemical compatibility, can serve as a powerful retention mechanism, extending the lifespan of LISs under shear. A theoretical model predicting the maximum retention length of lubricant droplets, based on interfacial forces and flow dynamics, has been developed and validated. Fluorescence imaging and numerical simulations complement each other in the understanding of the physical mechanisms that regulate the droplets' formation and shape.

In the laminar regime, slip velocity measurements with D-OCT demonstrated the substantial impact of surfactants, which rigidify the liquid-liquid interface and drastically reduce the slip length. Experimental results suggest that even minor contamination can impair LISs performance by inducing Marangoni stresses. These add to the overlying fluid interfacial stress and effectively oppose the flow, therefore increasing the drag. A comprehensive study of slip length definitions further refines the understanding of interfacial dynamics, reconciling discrepancies between experimental and numerical approaches.  

This thesis highlights the potential of partially wetting LIS designs to overcome conventional limitations and contributes to advancements for scalable, durable applications in harsh environments. By combining insights from experimental studies with understanding from numerical studies and theory, this work contributes to the understanding of LIS dynamics, offering practical design principles for their broader implementation. These findings can be extended to multi-phase flows and to the exploration of bio-compatible, sustainable LIS materials for use in marine and biomedical applications. 

Abstract [sv]

Turbulenta flöden är svåra att undvika i både naturliga och industriella sammanhang. Artificiella ytor spelar en viktig roll när det gäller att manipulera dessa flöden för ökad effektivitet och prestanda inom en rad olika tillämpningar. Bland sådana ytor är impregnerade ytor (s.k. liquid-infused surfaces, LIS) en ny teknik som har potential för att minska fluidmotståndet och motverka påväxt på ytor. Den praktiska implementeringen av LIS står dock inför utmaningar på grund av att smörjmedlet dräneras under höga skjuvspänningar. Dessutom kan olika typer av partiklar i det strömmande mediet (t.ex. ytaktiva ämnen) försämra prestandan av LIS avsevärt. För tillfället, dominerar numeriska studier forskningsområdet, och det finns därför ett stort behov av experimentella studier för att validera dessa resultat och vägleda framtida forskningsriktningar. Denna avhandling tar itu med dessa utmaningar genom att undersöka hur impregnerade ytor presterar i  turbulenta och laminära flöden. 

De viktigaste bidragen inkluderar design och validering av den experimentella anläggningen för turbulenta flöden, kallad F-SHARC, med vilken studien av dränering av smörjmedel genomfördes. Vidare, har vi utvärderat glidhastigheten på LIS i en kontrollerad laminär kanal med hjälp av Doppler-optisk koherenstomografi (s.k. D-OCT). Vi visar att, i turbulenta miljöer, så är kontaktvinkelhysteres, snarare än kemisk kompatibilitet, en viktig mekanism för att motverka dränering och därmed förlänga livslängden för LIS som exponeras för strömning. En teoretisk modell som förutsäger den maximala längden av  smörjmedelsdroppar, har utvecklas och valideras. Fluorescensavbildning och numeriska simuleringar kompletterar varandra i förståelsen av de fysiska mekanismer som reglerar dropparnas bildning och form.

I den laminära regimen avslöjar våra mätningar av glidhastigheten den betydande inverkan av ytaktiva ämnen, som rigidifierar vätske-vätskegränssnittet och drastiskt minskar glidlängden. Experimentella resultat tyder på att även mindre partiklar kan försämra LIS-prestandan genom Marangoni-spänningar som motverkar flödet. En omfattande studie av glidlängdsdefinitioner förfinar ytterligare förståelsen av gränssnittsdynamik och förenar avvikelser mellan experimentella och numeriska tillvägagångssätt.  

Denna avhandling belyser potentialen hos delvis vätande LIS-konstruktioner för att övervinna konventionella begränsningar och bidrar till framsteg för skalbara, hållbara applikationer i tuffa miljöer. Genom att kombinera experimentella, numeriska och teoretiska metoder bidrar detta arbete till en förståelse av dynamiken hos impregnerade ytor.  Dessa resultat kan utvidgas till flerfasflöden och till utforskningen av biokompatibla, hållbara LIS-material för användning i marina och biomedicinska tillämpningar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. , p. 61
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2024:57
Keywords [en]
liquid-infused surfaces, turbulent channel flow, duct flow, lubricant drainage, slip length, surfactants, Doppler-optical coherence tomography
Keywords [sv]
vätskeimpregnerade ytor, turbulent kanalflöde, kanalflöde, smörjmedelsdränering, glidlängd, ytaktiva ämnen, Doppler-optisk koherensto- mografi
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Research subject
Engineering Mechanics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-358808ISBN: 978-91-8106-135-2 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-358808DiVA, id: diva2:1929906
Public defence
2025-02-14, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 6, https://kth-se.zoom.us/j/63406036015, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic ResearchKnut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation
Note

QC 250122

Available from: 2025-01-22 Created: 2025-01-21 Last updated: 2025-12-16Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Contact-angle hysteresis provides resistance to drainage of liquid-infused surfaces in turbulent flows
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Contact-angle hysteresis provides resistance to drainage of liquid-infused surfaces in turbulent flows
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2024 (English)In: Physical Review Fluids, E-ISSN 2469-990X, Vol. 9, no 5, article id 054002Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Lubricated textured surfaces immersed in liquid flows offer tremendous potential for reducing fluid drag, enhancing heat and mass transfer, and preventing fouling. According to current design rules, the lubricant must chemically match the surface to remain robustly trapped within the texture. However, achieving such chemical compatibility poses a significant challenge for large-scale flow systems, as it demands advanced surface treatments or severely limits the range of viable lubricants. In addition, chemically tuned surfaces often degrade over time in harsh environments. Here, we demonstrate that a lubricant-infused surface (LIS) can resist drainage in the presence of external shear flow without requiring chemical compatibility. Surfaces featuring longitudinal grooves can retain up to 50% of partially wetting lubricants in fully developed turbulent flows. The retention relies on contact-angle hysteresis, where triple-phase contact lines are pinned to substrate heterogeneities, creating capillary resistance that prevents lubricant depletion. We develop an analytical model to predict the maximum length of pinned lubricant droplets in microgrooves. This model, validated through a combination of experiments and numerical simulations, can be used to design chemistry-free LISs for applications where the external environment is continuously flowing. Our findings open up new possibilities for using functional surfaces to control transport processes in large systems.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Physical Society (APS), 2024
Keywords
Channel flow, Contact line dynamics, Drop or bubble formation, Multiphase flow, Turbulence, Wetting
National Category
Fluid Mechanics Other Mechanical Engineering
Research subject
Engineering Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-358767 (URN)10.1103/physrevfluids.9.054002 (DOI)001231865000001 ()2-s2.0-85193067831 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, KAW 2016.0255Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, FFL15:0001
Note

QC 20250122

Available from: 2025-01-21 Created: 2025-01-21 Last updated: 2025-02-05Bibliographically approved
2. Local slip length and surfactant effects on liquid-infused surfaces
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Local slip length and surfactant effects on liquid-infused surfaces
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Robust surfaces capable of reducing flow drag, controlling heat and mass transfer,and resisting fouling in fluid flows are important for various applications. In thiscontext, textured surfaces impregnated with a liquid lubricant show promise dueto their ability to sustain a liquid-liquid layer that induces slippage. However,theoretical and numerical studies suggest that the slippage can be compromisedby surfactants in the overlying fluid, which contaminate the liquid-liquid interfaceand generate Marangoni stresses. In this study, we use Doppler-optical coherencetomography, an interferometric imaging technique, combined with numericalsimulations to investigate how surfactants influence the slip length of lubricant-infused surfaces with longitudinal grooves in a laminar flow. We introducesurfactants by adding tracer particles (milk) to the working fluid (water). Localmeasurements of slip length at the liquid-liquid interface are significantly smallerthan theoretical predictions for clean interfaces (Schönecker & Hardt 2013).In contrast, measurements are in good agreement with numerical simulationsof fully immobilized interfaces, indicating that milk particles adsorbed at theinterface are responsible for the reduction in slippage. This work provides thefirst experimental evidence that liquid-liquid interfaces within textured surfacescan become immobilized in the presence of surfactants and flow.

Keywords
slil length, liquid-infused surface, surfactant, optical coherence tomography
National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-358806 (URN)
Funder
Knut and Alice Wallenberg FoundationSwedish Foundation for Strategic Research
Note

QC 20250122

Available from: 2025-01-21 Created: 2025-01-21 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved
3. Optical Coherence Tomography in Soft Matter
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Optical Coherence Tomography in Soft Matter
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) has become an indispensable tool for investigating mesoscopic features in soft matter and fluid mechanics. Its ability to provide high-resolution, non-invasive measurements in both spatial and temporal domains bridges critical gaps in experimental instrumentation, enabling the study of complex, confined, and dynamic systems. This review serves as both an introduction to OCT and a practical guide for researchers seeking to adopt this technology. A set of tutorials, complemented by Python scripts, are provided for both intensity- and Doppler-based techniques. TheversatilityofOCTisillustratedthroughcasestudies, includingtime-resolvedvelocimetry, particle-based velocity measurements, slip velocity characterization, detection of shear-induced structures, and analysis of fluid-fluid and fluid-structure interactions. Drawing on our experiences, we also present a set of practical guidelines for avoiding common pitfalls.

National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-358770 (URN)
Note

QC 20250122

Available from: 2025-01-21 Created: 2025-01-21 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved
4. Development and validation of F-SHARC: Fluid-Surface High Aspect Ratio Channel
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Development and validation of F-SHARC: Fluid-Surface High Aspect Ratio Channel
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This report outlines the development process of a novel experimental facility,

designed by the Fluids and Surfaces Group at KTH, Stockholm, for the study

of turbulent channel flows in relation to complex surfaces. The interconnection

between these two topics, coupled with the geometrical feature of a high aspect

ratio, has led to the designation F-SHARC (Fluid-Surface High Aspect Ratio

Channel) for the apparatus. The initial section of the report is based on the

master’s thesis project of Agastya Parikh (Parikh 2020), who was responsible

for the design and sizing of the channel. The subsequent section provides details

of the testing of the setup, validation of the flow quality, and the application of

the facility to the study of the e!ects of liquid-infused surfaces on friction drag.

National Category
Fluid Mechanics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-358802 (URN)
Note

QC 20250122

Available from: 2025-01-21 Created: 2025-01-21 Last updated: 2025-02-09Bibliographically approved

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