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Water Diffusion, Drag and Absorption in an Anion-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering, Applied Electrochemistry.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0897-7249
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering, Applied Electrochemistry.ORCID iD: 0009-0005-7904-3816
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering, Applied Electrochemistry. Comsol AB, SE-111 40 Stockholm, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9627-1902
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health (CBH), Chemical Engineering, Applied Electrochemistry.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2268-5042
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2025 (English)In: Journal of the Electrochemical Society, ISSN 0013-4651, E-ISSN 1945-7111, Vol. 172, no 2, article id 024507Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Water is a key factor in anion-exchange membrane fuel cells, since it is both a product and a reactant, and humidifies the membrane and the ionomer phase. To optimize the operation conditions preventing cathode drying and anode flooding, better knowledge on the water transport is needed. In this work, the water transport across an AemionTM membrane is quantified for different applied water partial pressure differences and current densities. Two membrane thicknesses, 25 and 50 μm, are studied, as well as two gas diffusion layers (GDLs) of different hydrophobicity: the hydrophobic Sigracet 25BC treated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and Freudenberg H23C2 being hydrophilic as it is not treated with PTFE. The measurements show that having a hydrophilic GDL on both electrodes results in poor electrochemical performance, and restricted water transport. Although the highest water molar flux was observed for hydrophilic GDL on cathode and hydrophobic GDL on anode, the best electrochemical performance was observed for the opposite combination. A water transport model considering absorption/desorption resistance, electroosmotic drag and diffusion was deployed. The best fit of the model to the experimental data was obtained with a water drag coefficient of 2, and almost about 30% difference in absorption/desorption coefficient due to different GDLs.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
The Electrochemical Society , 2025. Vol. 172, no 2, article id 024507
Keywords [en]
anion-exchange membrane fuel cell, fuel cells, gas diffusion layers, humidity sensors, hydrophobicity, water drag, water transport model
National Category
Energy Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-360896DOI: 10.1149/1945-7111/adb33bISI: 001426872900001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85218426919OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-360896DiVA, id: diva2:1942559
Note

Not duplicate with DiVA 1711709

QC 20250307

Available from: 2025-03-05 Created: 2025-03-05 Last updated: 2025-05-12Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Water and gas transport across the membrane in AEMFC and PEMFC
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Water and gas transport across the membrane in AEMFC and PEMFC
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Efficient operation and durability of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) depend strongly on thermodynamic conditions and materials selection. This thesis investigates water transport, gas permeability and corrosion of carbon catalyst support under realistic operating conditions in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs).

Experiments were conducted using real-time humidity sensors, mass spectrometry, and electrochemical methods, supported with numerical modelling in COMSOL Multiphysics.

Interest in PEMFCs which operate at low temperatures (LT, <80 °C) has shifted towards intermediate temperatures (IT, 80-120 °C) for the possibility of reducing size of cooling systems. Although water accumulation was minimized at IT, increased pressure led to the opposite effect, however with performance limitations attributed to reduced oxygen partial pressure (Paper I). Hydrogen crossover was found to increase with temperature, pressure and RH, and a convective component was observed under asymmetric pressure conditions (Paper IV and V).

In AEMFCs, asymmetric inlet humidification and dynamic gas flows were effective in managing hydration. Material properties such as ionomer water uptake and GDL hydrophobicity had a minor impact on water transport but considerably affected peak power output (Paper II and III). AEMs exhibited lower gas crossover than PEMs under all conditions, particularly the reinforced second-generation membranes (Paper V).

Carbon corrosion in PEMFCs was shown to accelerate significantly with both temperature and humidity, becoming the dominant reaction above 1.1 V and almost constant at the most extreme conditions tested (120 °C and 70 % RH, Paper VI).

These findings provide new insights into optimization strategies and limitations for PEFC systems, highlighting the importance of thermodynamic control and robust materials in achieving long-term, high-performance operation.

Abstract [sv]

Effektiv drift och lång livslängd hos polymerelektrolytbränsleceller (PEFC) beror starkt på termodynamiska förhållanden och materialval. Denna avhandling undersöker vattentransport, gaspermeabilitet och korrosion av kolbaserat katalysstöd under realistiska driftsförhållanden i protonutbytande membranbränsleceller (PEMFC) och anjonutbytande membranbränsleceller (AEMFC).

Experimenten genomfördes med realtidsmätning av luftfuktighet, masspektrometri och elektrokemiska metoder, kompletterade med numerisk modellering i COMSOL Multiphysics.

Intresset för PEMFC som arbetar vid låga temperaturer (LT, <80 °C) har skiftat mot intermediära temperaturer (IT, 80–120 °C) för att minska kylsystemens storlek. Även om vattenackumulering minskades vid IT, ledde ökat tryck till motsatt effekt, med prestandabegränsningar kopplade till reducerat syrgastryck (Paper I). Vätgas-crossover ökade med temperatur, tryck och relativ luftfuktighet, och en konvektiv komponent observerades under asymmetriska tryckförhållanden (Paper IV och V).

I AEMFC visade asymmetrisk fuktmatning och dynamiska gasflöden effektiv hydrering. Materialfaktorer som vattenupptag i ionomerer och GDL:s hydrofobicitet hade liten inverkan på vattentransport men påverkade maximal effekt betydligt (Paper II och III). AEM uppvisade lägre gas-crossover än PEM-membran under alla testade förhållanden, särskilt de förstärkta membranen av andra generationen (Paper V).

Kolkorrosion i PEMFC accelererade kraftigt med både temperatur och fuktighet och blev den dominerande reaktionen över 1,1 V, och nästan konstant under de mest extrema testade förhållandena (120 °C och 70 % RH, Paper VI).

Dessa resultat ger nya insikter i optimeringsstrategier och begränsningar för PEFC-system, och understryker vikten av termodynamisk kontroll och robusta material för att uppnå långvarig och högpresterande drift.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2025. p. 68
Series
TRITA-CBH-FOU ; 2025:16
Keywords
Anion exchange membrane fuel cells, Proton exchange membrane fuel cells, Water transport, Gas transport, Intermediate temperatures, Hydrogen permeability, Oxygen permeability, Gas diffusion layer, Ionomers, Carbon oxidation, Carbon corrosion, Anjonutbytande membranbränsleceller, Protonutbytande membranbränsleceller, Vattentransport, Gastransport, Intermediära temperaturer, Vätgastransport, Syrgaspermeabilitet, Gasdiffusionsskikt, Ionomerer, Koloxidation, Kolkorrosion
National Category
Chemical Engineering
Research subject
Chemical Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-363289 (URN)978-91-8106-283-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-06-04, F3, https://kth-se.zoom.us/webinar/register/WN_YMH0Xz3TQtOn8TOpODOfeQ, Lindstedtsvägen 26 & 28, floor 2, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, EM16-0060Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, ARC19-0026StandUpSwedish Energy Agency, P37806-3
Note

QC 20250512

Available from: 2025-05-12 Created: 2025-05-12 Last updated: 2025-12-17Bibliographically approved

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Grimler, HenrikNikolić, NikolaEkström, HenrikLagergren, CarinaWreland Lindström, RakelLindbergh, Göran

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