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Local charge-screening and polarization switching in a ferroelectric ionic-superconductor
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Bio-Opto-Nano Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7369-9110
KTH, School of Engineering Sciences (SCI), Applied Physics, Bio-Opto-Nano Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2700-9190
The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.
The Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA.
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2025 (English)In: APL Materials, E-ISSN 2166-532X, Vol. 13, no 3, article id 031110Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

For ferroelectric ionic-conductors, polarization switching is complicated by the interplay between ion mobility and charge screening effects. When the ionic charge carriers also play a key role in the domain reversal, such as in Rb-doped KTiOPO4 (RKTP), a higher level of complexity is introduced. RKTP provides an ideal platform for investigating the relationship between ionic conductivity and polarization reversal because its highly anisotropic crystal properties allow selective modification of material characteristics through diffusive cation doping. Here, we use indiffused Ba/K doping to create a significant increase in the ionic conductivity. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry is employed to map Ba/K doping within the RKTP crystal and correlate it to changes in ionic mobility and polarization switching characteristics under an external field applied to the nonpolar face. Using band-excitation piezoresponse force microscopy, we demonstrate a selective switching-inhibition mechanism driven by the enhanced charge screening.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
AIP Publishing , 2025. Vol. 13, no 3, article id 031110
National Category
Condensed Matter Physics Other Materials Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-362001DOI: 10.1063/5.0252023ISI: 001447583500001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105000039696OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-362001DiVA, id: diva2:1949674
Note

QC 20250428

Available from: 2025-04-03 Created: 2025-04-03 Last updated: 2026-02-10Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Tailoring Ion-Exchange for Controlled Coercive Field Engineering and Improved Optical Integration of KTiOPO4
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Tailoring Ion-Exchange for Controlled Coercive Field Engineering and Improved Optical Integration of KTiOPO4
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

KTiOPO4 (KTP) is a ferroelectric nonlinear optical material which is transparent within the visible and infrared wavelengths. Its high anisotropy along the polar axis makes this material advantageous over other materials such as lithium niobate, lithium tantalate or gallium arsenide, for high aspect ratio and short period quasi-phase matching (QPM) domain gratings. Developments in doping via ion exchange have enabled the modulation of the materials coercive field (Ec). This has brought the engineering of domain gratings in KTP into the sub-µm regime, enabling a host of processes which before were only theoretical.  In this work we bring new developments in the field of coercive field engineering and ion-exchange in KTP. We demonstrate a new Ec engineering method, based on Ba-doping, which has a negligible effect on the refractive index and induced stress in the KTP crystal contrary to the previously established Rb-doping based Ec engineering method. We investigate the two differing mechanisms of Ec modulation of these two methods, showing the effect of charge screening through the vacancy injection of Ba-ions, and the the conduction path blocking properties of Rb-ions. We compare the degree of Ec  modulation for different dopant concentrations of Rb and Ba, through switching time measurements, and determine the transition point between the two Ec modulation mechanisms. Further, we explore the diffusion dynamics of mixed Rb/K/Ba dopant systems during both diffusion and subsequent annealing, to characterize the non-classical diffusion gradients observed in diffused channel waveguides in KTP. Finally, we apply coercive field engineering in designing and fabricating a switchable QPM device for electrical-optical integration. This work brings new understanding and new applications to KTP and shows the path forward towards high-aspect ratio integrable, multifunctional, tailored QPM devices.

Abstract [sv]

KTiOPO4 (KTP) är ett ferroelektriskt icke-linjärt optiskt material som är transparent inom både synliga och infraröda våglängder. Dess höga anisotropi längs polära axeln gör detta material fördelaktigt jämfört med andra material såsom litiumniobat, litiumtantalat eller galliumarsenid, för höga aspektförhållanden och kortperiodiska kvasi-fasmatchningsdomäner (QPM). Utvecklingen inom dopning via jonbyte har möjliggjort modulering av materialets koercisiva fält (Ec). Detta har fört QPM-domängitter i KTP in i subμm-regimen, vilket i sin tur har möjliggjort en rad processer som tidigare endast var teoretiska. I detta arbete presenterar vi nya utvecklingar inom Ec-modulering och jonutbyte i KTP. Vi demonstrerar en ny metod för Ec-modulering, baserad på Ba-dopning, som har en försumbar effekt på brytningsindex och inducerad stress i KTP-kristallen, till skillnad från den sedan tidigare etablerade Rbdopingbaserade metoden för Ec-modulering. Vi undersöker de två olika mekanismerna för Ec-modulering för dessa metoder, och visar effekten av elekrisk skärmning genom vakansinjektion av Ba-joner, samt ledningsvägsblockerande egenskaper hos Rb-joner. Vi jämför graden av Ecmodulering för olika dopantkoncentrationer av Rb och Ba, genom mätningar av domänväxlingstid, och bestämmer övergångspunkten mellan de två mekanismerna för Ec-modulation. Vidare utforskar vi diffusionsdynamiken hos blandade Rb/K/Ba-dopantsystem under både diffusion och efterföljande värmebehandling, för att karakterisera de icke-klassiska diffusionsgradienterna som observeras i diffusa kanalvågledare i KTP. Slutligen tillämpar vi Ec-modulering för design och tillverkning av en binärt styrbar QPM-enhet för elektrisk-optisk integration. Detta arbete tillför ny förståelse och nya tillämpningar till KTP och visar vägen framåt mot integrerbara och multifunktionella skräddarsydda QPM-enheter. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm, Sweden: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026
Series
TRITA-SCI-FOU ; 2025:79
National Category
Physical Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-376576 (URN)978-91-8106-513-8 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-03-06, Kollegiesalen, Brinellvägen 6, Stockholm, 09:00
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Note

QC 2026-02-10

Available from: 2026-02-10 Created: 2026-02-10 Last updated: 2026-02-16Bibliographically approved

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Barrett, LauraLee, Cherrie S.J.Canalias, Carlota

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