Societal changes are required to develop cleaner and more efficient routes to the production of materials and energy. The sustainable exploitation of inexpensive, efficient components from renewable resources can be the best alternative to the current fossil fuel economy. In this chapter we review the potential application in catalysis, sensing, energy storage, and energy generation of hybrid materials based on sustainable organic components. The components include as poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs); polysaccharides, that is, cellulose and chitin; and fibrous proteins, that is, silk and collagen; and functional inorganic components such as carbon nanotubes and graphene, clays, metal oxides, and metallic nanoparticles.