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Handover Delay Minimization in Non-Terrestrial Networks: Impact of Open RAN Functional Splits
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Communication Systems, CoS.ORCID iD: 0009-0003-8642-4831
Ericsson AB, Sweden.
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Communication Systems, CoS. Aalborg University, Denmark.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8517-7996
KTH, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Computer Science, Communication Systems, CoS.
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2025 (English)In: 2025 12th Advanced Satellite Multimedia Systems Conference and the 18th Signal Processing for Space Communications Workshop, ASMS/SPSC 2025, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2025Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

This paper addresses the challenge of optimizing handover (HO) performance in non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) to enhance user equipment (UE) effective service time, defined as the active service time excluding HO delays and radio link failure (RLF) periods. Availability is defined as the normalized effective service time which is effected by different HO scenarios: Intra-satellite HO is the HO from one beam to another within the same satellite; inter-satellite HO refers to the HO from one satellite to another where satellites can be connected to the same or different GSs. We investigate the impact of open radio access network (O-RAN) functional splits (FSs) between ground station (GS) and LEO satellites on HO delay and assess how beam configurations affect RLF rates and intra- and inter-satellite HO rates. This work focuses on three O-RAN FSs - split 7.2x (low layer 1 functions on the satellite), split 2 (layer 1 and layer 2 functions on the satellite), and gNB onboard the satellite - and two beam configurations (19-beam and 127-beam). In a realistic dynamic LEO satellite constellation where different types of HO scenarios are simulated, we maximize effective service time by tuning the time-to-trigger (TTT) and HO margin (HOM) parameters. Our findings reveal that the gNB onboard the satellite achieves the highest availability, approximately 95.4%, while the split 7.2x exhibits the lowest availability, around 92.8% due to higher intra-satellite HO delays.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) , 2025.
Keywords [en]
conditional handover (CHO), low earth orbit (LEO) satellite, non-terrestrial network (NTN), open radio access network (O-RAN), radio link failure (RLF)
National Category
Signal Processing Telecommunications
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-363094DOI: 10.1109/ASMS/SPSC64465.2025.10946034ISI: 001479663300004Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105002906801OAI: oai:DiVA.org:kth-363094DiVA, id: diva2:1956343
Conference
12th Advanced Satellite Multimedia Systems Conference and the 18th Signal Processing for Space Communications Workshop, ASMS/SPSC 2025, Sitges, Spain, Feb 26 2025 - Feb 28 2025
Note

Part of ISBN 979-8-3315-2235-3

QC 20250506

Available from: 2025-05-06 Created: 2025-05-06 Last updated: 2026-01-06Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Non-Terrestrial Network Architecture and Design: Functional Splits, Handover Performance, and Service Availability
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Non-Terrestrial Network Architecture and Design: Functional Splits, Handover Performance, and Service Availability
2026 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The next generation of wireless communication systems envisions seamless global coverage through the integration of Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) with terrestrial infrastructures. Unlike terrestrial Base Stations (BSs), NTN platforms such as Rotary Wing Drones (RWDs), Fixed Wing Drones (FWDs), High-Altitude Platforms (HAPs), and Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites introduce challenges due to platform mobility, power limitations, and architectural constraints. These factors directly affect the service time—or equivalently, the availability—of communication links.

This thesis analyzes the design factors and architectural trade-offs that govern service availability across diverse NTN platforms. For Aerial Base Stations (ABSs), a unified framework is developed to evaluate power consumption and energy harvesting. The results show that RWDs sustain service for only 5–60 minutes with negligible solar harvesting benefits, whereas FWDs and HAPs extend operation to several hours and days, respectively. A network dimensioning study quantifies the number of ABSs and backup batteries required for continuous coverage, highlighting deployment constraints of energy-limited aerial systems.

For satellite-based NTNs, a digital twin framework is introduced to model end-to-end handover delays under realistic 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)-compliant assumptions. The results show that placing the gNB on-board reduces cumulative Conditional Handover (CHO) delay by approximately 25–30% relative to Split 7.2x, at the expense of 55–70% higher on-board computation. Constellation design strongly impacts availability: increasing satellite density beyond a threshold yields diminishing availability due to more frequent handovers. A medium-density, low-altitude constellation exhibits 11 minutes of daily downtime, increasing to 13–16 minutes when densified, whereas a sparser, higher-altitude constellation achieves only 5–7 minutes. The commonly cited 99.9% availability target for LEO is shown to be impractical; a maximum of approximately 99.2% is achievable, with functional split choices further reducing availability (e.g., from 99% to 98.5% when moving from gNB onboard to Split 7.2x).

Overall, this thesis provides a unified perspective on service time as a fundamental performance metric across NTN platforms—whether constrained by energy limitations in aerial systems or by handover dynamics in LEO satellite constellations—offering practical insights to guide the design and optimization of NTN.

Abstract [sv]

Den nästa generationens trådlösa kommunikationssystem förväntas möjliggöra sömlös global täckning genom integrering av Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTNs) med terrestra nät. Till skillnad från stationära terrestra Base Stations (BSs) med stabil strömförsörjning innebär NTN-plattformar såsom Rotary Wing Drones (RWDs), Fixed Wing Drones (FWDs), High-Altitude Platforms (HAPs) och Low Earth Orbit (LEO)-satelliter utmaningar kopplade tillplattformsrörlighet, energi begränsningar och arkitektoniska funktioner. Dessa faktorer påverkar direkt tjänstetid—eller motsvarande tillgänglighet—förkommunikationslänkar till användare på marken.

Denna avhandling analyserar designfaktorer och arkitektoniska avvägningar som styr tjänstetillgänglighet över olika NTN-plattformar. För Aerial Base Stations (ABSs) utvecklas ett enhetligt ramverk för att utvärderaenergiförbrukning och solenergiskörd. Resultaten visar att RWDs endast kanupprätthålla tjänster i 5–60 minuter med obetydlig nytta av solenergi, medan FWDs och HAPs kan förlänga driftstiden till flera timmar respektivedagar. En nätverksdimensioneringsstudie kvantifierar dessutom antalet ABSsoch reservbatterier som krävs för kontinuerlig täckning, vilket belyser praktiska begränsningar för energibegränsade luftburna system.

För satellitbaserade NTNs introduceras ett digitalt tvillingramverk föratt modellera end-to-end-handoverfördröjningar under realistiska 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)-kompatibla antaganden. Resultaten visaratt placering av gNB ombord minskar den kumulativa Conditional Handover (CHO)-fördröjningen med cirka 25–30% jämfört med Split 7.2x, till priset av 55–70% högre beräkningsbelastning ombord. Konstellationsdesign harstor inverkan på tillgängligheten: ökad satellittäthet bortom en viss gräns germinskad tillgänglighet på grund av fler handover. En konstellation med medelhög täthet på låg höjd uppvisar omkring 11 minuters daglig nertid, vilketökar till 13–16 minuter vid högre täthet, medan en glesare konstellation påhögre höjd endast medför 5–7 minuter. Analysen visar att det ofta citeradetillgänglighetsmålet på 99.9% för LEO-system i praktiken är orealistiskt; enmaximal tillgänglighet runt 99.2% är möjlig, och funktionssplitten kan minska detta ytterligare (t.ex. från 99% till 98.5% vid övergång från gNB ombordtill Split 7.2x).

Sammantaget ger avhandlingen ett enhetligt perspektiv på tjänstetid somen grundläggande prestandametrik för NTNs—styrd av energibegränsningari luftburna plattformar och handoverdynamik i LEO-konstellationer—och erbjuder praktiska insikter för framtida design och optimering av NTN.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 2026. p. xiii, 61
Series
TRITA-EECS-AVL ; 2025:98
Keywords
Non-Terrestrial Network (NTN), Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellite Constellation, Service Availability, Conditional Handover (CHO), Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN), Functional Splits, Digital Twin, Aerial Base Station (ABS), Icke-jordbundna nätverk, Låg jordbana Satellitkonstellation, Tjänstetillgänglighet, Villkorlig överlämning, Öppen RAN, Funktionella uppdelningar, Digital tvilling, Flygbasstation
National Category
Communication Systems
Research subject
Information and Communication Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-374871 (URN)978-91-8106-443-8 (ISBN)
Presentation
2026-02-04, https://kth-se.zoom.us/s/66382096282, Harry Nyquist, Malvinas Väg 10, Kungliga Tekniska högskolan, Stockholm, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Projects
6G-SKYSMART-6GSAT
Funder
Vinnova, 3541Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research, 5807
Note

QC 20260107

Available from: 2026-01-07 Created: 2026-01-06 Last updated: 2026-03-02Bibliographically approved

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Sri Ganesh Seeram, Siva SatyaÖzger, MustafaZhang, ShuaiCavdar, Cicek

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